{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:18:20Z","timestamp":1760242700985,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunization strategies generating large numbers of antigen-specific T cells in the female reproductive tract (FRT) can provide barrier protection against sexually-transmitted pathogens, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papillomaviruses (HPV). The kinetics and mechanisms of regulation of vaccine-induced adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses in FRT are less well defined. We present here evidence for intranasal delivery of the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) along with alpha-galactosylceramide adjuvant as a protein vaccine to induce significantly higher levels of antigen-specific effector and memory CD8+ T cells in the FRT, relative to other systemic and mucosal tissues. Antibody blocking of the CXCR3 receptor significantly reduced antigen-specific CD8+ T cells subsequent to intranasal delivery of the protein vaccine suggesting an important role for the CXCR3 chemokine-receptor signaling for T cell trafficking. Further, intranasal vaccination with an adenoviral vector expressing OVA or HIV-1 envelope was as effective as intramuscular vaccination for generating OVA- or ENV-specific immunity in the FRT. These results support the application of the needle-free intranasal route as a practical approach to delivering protein as well as DNA\/virus vector-based vaccines for efficient induction of effector and memory T cell immunity in the FRT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines4010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T11:35:47Z","timestamp":1458214547000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intranasal Vaccination Affords Localization and Persistence of Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Lymphocytes in the Female Reproductive Tract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Shailbala","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Schluns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA"},{"name":"Immunology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guojun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA"},{"name":"Immunology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Translational Immunovirology Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Sastry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA"},{"name":"Immunology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1213","article-title":"Mucosal immunity and vaccines","volume":"11","author":"Holmgren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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