{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:25:54Z","timestamp":1790699154446,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]],"date-time":"2017-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Swiss National Science Foundation","award":["Grant 31003A_149925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 31003A_149925"]}]},{"name":"Allergy Therapeutics Company","award":["R43086\/CN001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43086\/CN001"]}]},{"name":"CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico) Brazil's Science Without Borders program is acknowledged for the post-doctoral scholarship","award":["Process Number: 200455\/2014-1; Modality: P\u00f3s-doutorado no Exterior \u2013 PDE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Process Number: 200455\/2014-1; Modality: P\u00f3s-doutorado no Exterior \u2013 PDE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccination is the most effective prophylactic tool against infectious diseases. Despite continued efforts to control malaria, the disease still generally represents a significant unmet medical need. Microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) is a well described depot used in licensed allergy immunotherapy products and in clinical development. However, its proof of concept in prophylactic vaccines has only recently been explored. MCT has never been used in combination with virus-like particles (VLPs), which are considered to be one of the most potent inducers of cellular and humoral immune responses in mice and humans. In the current study we assessed the potential of MCT to serve as an adjuvant in the development of a vaccine against malaria either alone or combined with VLP using Plasmodium vivax thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP) as a target antigen. We chemically coupled PvTRAP to VLPs derived from the cucumber mosaic virus fused to a universal T-cell epitope of the tetanus toxin (CMVtt), formulated with MCT and compared the induced immune responses to PvTRAP formulated in PBS or Alum. The protective capacity of the various formulations was assessed using Plasmodium berghei expressing PvTRAP. All vaccine formulations using adjuvants and\/or VLP increased humoral immunogenicity for PvTRAP compared to the antigen alone. The most proficient responder was the group of mice immunized with the vaccine formulated with PvTRAP-VLP + MCT. The VLP-based vaccine formulated in MCT also induced the strongest T cell response and conferred best protection against challenge with recombinant Plasmodium berghei. Thus, the combination of VLP with MCT may take advantage of the properties of each component and appears to be an alternative biodegradable depot adjuvant for development of novel prophylactic vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5020010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]],"date-time":"2017-05-02T11:37:20Z","timestamp":1493725040000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Plus Microcrystalline Tyrosine (MCT) Adjuvants Enhance Vaccine Efficacy Improving T and B Cell Immunogenicity and Protection against Plasmodium berghei\/vivax"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Cabral-Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd. Dominion Way, Worthing BN14 8SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3510-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Mohsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Engeroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Flaxman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Leoratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aadil","family":"El-Turabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Reyes-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd. Dominion Way, Worthing BN14 8SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3740-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bencard Allergie, Messerschmittstra\u00dfe 4, M\u00fcnchen 80992, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"},{"name":"Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.01.007","article-title":"Systematic Reviews in Malaria: Global Policies Need Global Reviews","volume":"23","author":"Garner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. 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