{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:16:27Z","timestamp":1787030187064,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship","award":["DGE-1247312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1247312"]}]},{"name":"NIH R21","award":["AI121933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI121933"]}]},{"name":"NIH R01","award":["AI1096159-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI1096159-04"]}]},{"name":"NIH NIAID","award":["UC6AI058618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UC6AI058618"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a serious illness that causes severe disease in humans and non-human primates (NHPs) and has mortality rates up to 90%. EVD is caused by the Ebolavirus and currently there are no licensed therapeutics or vaccines to treat EVD. Due to its high mortality rates and potential as a bioterrorist weapon, a better understanding of the disease is of high priority. Multiparametric analysis techniques allow for a more complete understanding of a disease and the host response. Analysis of RNA species present in a sample can lead to a greater understanding of activation or suppression of different states of the immune response. Transcriptomic analyses such as microarrays and RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) have been important tools to better understand the global gene expression response to EVD. In this review, we outline the current knowledge gained by transcriptomic analysis of EVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5030030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T10:57:41Z","timestamp":1505905061000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Host Transcriptional Response to Ebola Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Speranza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Bioinformatics Program, National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Bioinformatics Program, National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldmann, H., and Geisbert, T.W. (2011). Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60667-8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/527378","article-title":"Ebola virus disease","volume":"25","author":"Laupland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"CDC (2017, June 01). 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa: Case Counts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/outbreaks\/2014-west-africa\/case-counts.html."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63591-2","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Cynomolgus Macaques","volume":"163","author":"Geisbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00fcdtke, A., Ruibal, P., Wozniak, D.M., Pallasch, E., Wurr, S., Bockholt, S., G\u00f3mez-Medina, S., Qiu, X., Kobinger, G.P., and Rodr\u00edguez, E. (2017). Ebola virus infection kinetics in chimeric mice reveal a key role of T cells as barriers for virus dissemination. Sci. Rep.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43776"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88864","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.88864","article-title":"Clinical, virological, and biological parameters associated with outcomes of Ebola virus infection in Macenta, Guinea","volume":"2","author":"Vernet","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1086\/379199","article-title":"Ebola and Marburg Viruses Replicate in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells without Inducing the Production of Cytokines and Full Maturation","volume":"188","author":"Bosio","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.02.018","article-title":"Ebola virus: The role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever","volume":"37","author":"Bray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17949","article-title":"Unique human immune signature of Ebola virus disease in Guinea","volume":"533","author":"Ruibal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1086\/520602","article-title":"Lymphocyte Death in a Mouse Model of Ebola Virus Infection EBOV infection in humans results in mortality rates","volume":"196","author":"Bradfute","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2004.17.390","article-title":"Depletion of peripheral blood T lymphocytes and NK cells during the course of ebola hemorrhagic Fever in cynomolgus macaques","volume":"17","author":"Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu088","article-title":"Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Novel Biomarker Correlates of Clinical Outcome","volume":"210","author":"McElroy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01800.x","article-title":"Inflammatory responses in Ebola virus-infected patients","volume":"128","author":"Baize","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.3390\/v7102892","article-title":"The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Filovirus Infection","volume":"7","author":"Bixler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wauquier, N., Becquart, P., Padilla, C., Baize, S., and Leroy, E.M. (2010). Human Fatal Zaire Ebola Virus Infection Is Associated with an Aberrant Innate Immunity and with Massive Lymphocyte Apoptosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000837"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.01.014","article-title":"Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever","volume":"64","author":"Rougeron","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.74","article-title":"The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.01.049","article-title":"Differential Regulation of Interferon Responses by Ebola and Marburg Virus VP35 Proteins","volume":"14","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12289","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.220398297","article-title":"The Ebola virus VP35 protein functions as a type I IFN antagonist","volume":"97","author":"Basler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.169","article-title":"Ebolavirus VP35 suppresses IFN production from conventional but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"89","author":"Leung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13469","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01097-07","article-title":"Ebola Virus VP24 Proteins Inhibit the Interaction of NPI-1 Subfamily Karyopherin Proteins with Activated STAT1","volume":"81","author":"Reid","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4456","article-title":"Tissue and cellular tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of Ebola and Marburg viruses","volume":"235","author":"Martines","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7945","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.14.7945-7956.2003","article-title":"The Ebola virus VP35 protein inhibits activation of interferon regulatory factor 3","volume":"77","author":"Basler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5168","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02199-05","article-title":"Ebola virus VP35 protein binds double-stranded RNA and inhibits alpha\/beta interferon production induced by RIG-I signaling","volume":"80","author":"Loo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.6.3009-3020.2006","article-title":"Global Suppression of the Host Antiviral Response by Ebola- and Marburgviruses: Increased Antagonism of the Type I Interferon Response Is Associated with Enhanced Virulence","volume":"80","author":"Kash","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10556","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00570-14","article-title":"H7N9 and other pathogenic avian influenza viruses elicit a three-pronged transcriptomic signature that is reminiscent of 1918 influenza virus and is associated with lethal outcome in mice","volume":"88","author":"Morrison","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10736","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.112338099","article-title":"Cellular transcriptional profiling in influenza A virus-infected lung epithelial cells: the role of the nonstructural NS1 protein in the evasion of the host innate defense and its potential contribution to pandemic influenza","volume":"99","author":"Geiss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34589","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34589","article-title":"Differential transcriptional responses to Ebola and Marburg virus infection in bat and human cells","volume":"6","author":"Holzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuzmin, I.V., Schwarz, T.M., Ilinykh, P.A., Jordan, I., Ksiazek, T.G., Sachidanandam, R., Basler, C.F., and Bukreyev, A. (2017). Innate Immune Response of Bat and Human Cells to Filoviruses: Commonalities and Distinctions. J. Virol.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02471-16"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5348","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00215-08","article-title":"Whole-genome expression profiling reveals that inhibition of host innate immune response pathways by Ebola virus can be reversed by a single amino acid change in the VP35 protein","volume":"82","author":"Hartman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6430","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00044-06","article-title":"Reverse genetic generation of recombinant Zaire Ebola viruses containing disrupted IRF-3 inhibitory domains results in attenuated virus growth in vitro and higher levels of IRF-3 activation without inhibiting viral transcription or replication","volume":"80","author":"Hartman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43144","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43144","article-title":"A comparison of host gene expression signatures associated with infection in vitro by the Makona and Ecran (Mayinga) variants of Ebola virus","volume":"7","author":"Bosworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.6.4.12","article-title":"Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells are a Potential Reservoir for Ebola Virus in the Human Eye","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1086\/379724","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying Coagulation Abnormalities in Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Overexpression of Tissue Factor in Primate Monocytes\/Macrophages Is a Key Event","volume":"188","author":"Geisbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw334","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of biomarkers in a cohort of us patients with ebola virus disease","volume":"63","author":"McElroy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1807.111654","article-title":"Ebola virus antibodies in fruit bats, ghana, west Africa","volume":"18","author":"Hayman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Towner, J.S., Amman, B.R., Sealy, T.K., Carroll, S.A.R., Comer, J.A., Kemp, A., Swanepoel, R., Paddock, C.D., Balinandi, S., and Khristova, M.L. (2009). Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000536"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7567","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00924-15","article-title":"Different Temporal Effects of Ebola Virus VP35 and VP24 Proteins on Global Gene Expression in Human Dendritic Cells","volume":"89","author":"Ilinykh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahl-Jensen, V., Kurz, S., Feldmann, F., Buehler, L.K., Kindrachuk, J., DeFilippis, V., da Silva Correia, J., Fr\u00fch, K., Kuhn, J.H., and Burton, D.R. (2011). Ebola virion attachment and entry into human macrophages profoundly effects early cellular gene expression. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001359"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00179-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00179-17","article-title":"Ebolaviruses Associated with Differential Pathogenicity Induce Distinct Host Responses in Human Macrophages","volume":"91","author":"Olejnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1086\/515386","article-title":"A Mouse Model for Evaluation of Prophylaxis and Therapy of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"178","author":"Bray","year":"1998","journal-title":"Source J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.069","article-title":"Systems Approach Reveals MAVS Signaling in Myeloid Cells as Critical for Resistance to Ebola Virus in Murine Models of Infection","volume":"18","author":"Dutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S282","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv215","article-title":"Interferon \u03b1\/\u03b2 Receptor\u2013Deficient Mice as a Model for Ebola Virus Disease","volume":"212","author":"Brannan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03546-14","article-title":"Ebola Virus Disease in Mice with Transplanted Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells","volume":"89","author":"Oestereich","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv538","article-title":"Humanized Mouse Model of Ebola Virus Disease Mimics the Immune Responses in Human Disease","volume":"213","author":"Bird","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakayama, E., and Saijo, M. (2013). Animal models for Ebola and Marburg virus infections. Front. Microbiol.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00267"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebihara, H., Takada, A., Kobasa, D., Jones, S., Neumann, G., Theriault, S., Bray, M., Feldmann, H., and Kawaoka, Y. (2006). Molecular Determinants of Ebola Virus Virulence in Mice. PLoS Pathog., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020073"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caballero, I.S., Honko, A.N., Gire, S.K., Winnicki, S.M., Mel\u00e9, M., Gerhardinger, C., Lin, A.E., Rinn, J.L., Sabeti, P.C., and Hensley, L.E. (2016). In Vivo Ebola virus infection leads to a strong innate response in circulating immune cells. BMC Genom.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3060-0"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10370","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10370-10377.2004","article-title":"Analysis of human peripheral blood samples from fatal and nonfatal cases of Ebola (Sudan) hemorrhagic fever: Cellular responses, virus load, and nitric oxide levels","volume":"78","author":"Sanchez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91041-3","article-title":"Haematological and biochemical monitoring of ebola infection in rhesus monkeys: implications for patient management","volume":"322","author":"Lloyd","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen, A.L., Okumura, A., Ferris, M.T., Green, R., Feldmann, F., Kelly, S.M., Scott, D.P., Safronetz, D., Haddock, E., and LaCasse, R. (2014). Host genetic diversity enables Ebola hemorrhagic fever pathogenesis and resistance. Science.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259595"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1104-1133","article-title":"The Collaborative Cross, a community resource for the genetic analysis of complex traits","volume":"36","author":"Churchill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9060","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00659-11","article-title":"Functional genomics reveals the induction of inflammatory response and metalloproteinase gene expression during lethal Ebola virus infection","volume":"85","author":"Cilloniz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.07.003","article-title":"Reduced Levels of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase CD45 Protect Mice from the Lethal Effects of Ebola Virus Infection","volume":"6","author":"Panchal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.3390\/v4091477","article-title":"Mouse models for filovirus infections","volume":"4","author":"Bradfute","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20032141","article-title":"Role of natural killer cells in innate protection against lethal ebola virus infection","volume":"200","author":"Warfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cimini, E., Viola, D., Cabeza-Cabrerizo, M., Romanelli, A., Tumino, N., Sacchi, A., Bordoni, V., Casetti, R., Turchi, F., and Martini, F. (2017). Different features of V\u03b42 T and NK cells in fatal and non-fatal human Ebola infections. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005645"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S323","DOI":"10.1086\/520589","article-title":"Pathologic Findings Associated with Delayed Death in Nonhuman Primates Experimentally Infected with Zaire Ebola Virus","volume":"196","author":"Larsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17113","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.113","article-title":"Identification and pathological characterization of persistent asymptomatic Ebola virus infection in rhesus monkeys","volume":"2","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000313","article-title":"Ebola virus disease and the eye","volume":"27","author":"Shantha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0457-z","article-title":"Neurological Complications of Ebola Virus Infection","volume":"13","author":"Billioux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, A., Khiabanian, H., Kugelman, J., Elliott, O., Nagle, E., Yu, G.-Y., Warren, T., Palacios, G., and Rabadan, R. (2014). Transcriptome reconstruction and annotation of cynomolgus and African green monkey. BMC Genom., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-846"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D737","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1110","article-title":"Tissue-specific transcriptome sequencing analysis expands the non-human primate reference transcriptome resource (NHPRTR)","volume":"43","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-9-20","article-title":"A new rhesus macaque assembly and annotation for next-generation sequencing analyses","volume":"9","author":"Zimin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Direct."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubins, K.H., Hensley, L.E., Wahl-Jensen, V., Daddario DiCaprio, K.M., Young, H.A., Reed, D.S., Jahrling, P.B., Brown, P.O., Relman, D.A., and Geisbert, T.W. (2007). The temporal program of peripheral blood gene expression in the response of nonhuman primates to Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Genome Biol.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-8-r174"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yen, J.Y., Garamszegi, S., Geisbert, J.B., Rubins, K.H., Geisbert, T.W., Honko, A., Xia, Y., Connor, J.H., and Hensley, L.E. (2011). Therapeutics of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Whole-genome transcriptional analysis of successful disease mitigation. J. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir345"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01032-8","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis reveals a previously unknown role for CD8(+) T-cells in rVSV-EBOV mediated protection","volume":"7","author":"Menicucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaas, A.K., Chen, M., Varkey, J., Veldman, T., Hero, A.O., Lucas, J., Huang, Y., Turner, R., Gilbert, A., and Lambkin-Williams, R. (2009). Gene expression signatures diagnose influenza and other symptomatic respiratory viral infections in humans. Cell Host Microbe.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.07.006"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods, C.W., McClain, M.T., Chen, M., Zaas, A.K., Nicholson, B.P., Varkey, J., Veldman, T., Kingsmore, S.F., Huang, Y., and Lambkin-Williams, R. (2013). Host Transcriptional Signature for Presymptomatic Detection of Infection in Humans Exposed to Influenza H1N1 or H3N2. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052198"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05495","article-title":"Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus","volume":"445","author":"Kobasa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-960","article-title":"Lassa and Marburg viruses elicit distinct host transcriptional responses early after infection","volume":"15","author":"Caballero","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9865","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01142-15","article-title":"Transcriptional Profiling of the Immune Response to Marburg Virus Infection","volume":"89","author":"Connor","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malhotra, S., Yen, J.Y., Honko, A.N., Garamszegi, S., Caballero, I.S., Johnson, J.C., Mucker, E.M., Trefry, J.C., Hensley, L.E., and Connor, J.H. (2013). Transcriptional profiling of the circulating immune response to lassa virus in an aerosol model of exposure. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002171"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garamszegi, S., Yen, J.Y., Honko, A.N., Geisbert, J.B., Rubins, K.H., Geisbert, T.W., Xia, Y., Hensley, L.E., and Connor, J.H. (2014). Transcriptional correlates of disease outcome in anticoagulant-treated non-human primates infected with ebolavirus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003061"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhein, B.A., Powers, L.S., Rogers, K., Anantpadma, M., Singh, B.K., Sakurai, Y., Bair, T., Miller-Hunt, C., Sinn, P., and Davey, R.A. (2015). Interferon-\u03b3 Inhibits Ebola Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005263"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4198","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.7.4198","article-title":"CD8-Mediated Protection against Ebola Virus Infection Is Perforin Dependent","volume":"174","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, S.M., Feldmann, H., Stroher, U., Geisbert, J.B., Fernando, L., Grolla, A., Klenk, H.D., Sullivan, N.J., Volchkov, V.E., and Fritz, E.A. (2005). Live attenuated recombinant vaccine protects nonhuman primates against Ebola and Marburg viruses. Nat. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1258"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1075","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir349","article-title":"Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines against Ebola and Marburg virus infections","volume":"204","author":"Geisbert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzi, A., Feldmann, H., Geisbert, T.W., and Falzarano, D. (2011). Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Vaccines for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Filovirus Infections. J. Bioterror. Biodef.","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-2526.S1-004"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32621-6","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola \u00c7a Suffit!)","volume":"389","author":"Camacho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrenas, F., Green, R.R., Thomas, M.J., Law, G.L., Proll, S.C., Engelmann, F., Messaoudi, I., Marzi, A., Feldmann, H., and Katze, M.G. (2015). Next generation sequencing reveals a controlled immune response to Zaire Ebola virus challenge in cynomolgus macaques immunized with VSV\u0394G\/EBOVgp. Clin. Vaccine Immunol.","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00733-14"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1137-3","article-title":"Transcriptomic signatures differentiate survival from fatal outcomes in humans infected with Ebola virus","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kash, J.C., Walters, K.-A., Kindrachuk, J., Baxter, D., Scherler, K., Janosko, K.B., Adams, R.D., Herbert, A.S., James, R.M., and Stonier, S.W. (2017). Longitudinal peripheral blood transcriptional analysis of a patient with severe Ebola virus disease. Sci. Transl. Med.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aai9321"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3533","article-title":"Defining antigen-specific plasmablast and memory B cell subsets in human blood after viral infection or vaccination","volume":"17","author":"Ellebedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24496","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24496","article-title":"Circulating microRNA profiles of Ebola virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Duy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis921","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b2 Therapy Prolongs Survival in Rhesus Macaque Models of Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"208","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konde, M.K., Baker, D.P., Traore, F.A., Sow, M.S., Camara, A., Barry, A.A., Mara, D., Barry, A., Cone, M., and Kaba, I. (2017). Interferon \u03b2-1a for the treatment of Ebola virus disease: A historically controlled, single-arm proof-of-concept trial. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169255"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00003-16","article-title":"Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"29","author":"Broadhurst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsalik, E.L., Henao, R., Nichols, M., Burke, T., Ko, E.R., McClain, M.T., Hudson, L.L., Mazur, A., Freeman, D.H., and Veldman, T. (2016). Host gene expression classifiers diagnose acute respiratory illness etiology. Sci. Transl. Med.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad6873"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampson, D.L., Fox, B.A., Yager, T.D., Bhide, S., Cermelli, S., McHugh, L.C., Seldon, T.A., Brandon, R.A., Sullivan, E., and Zimmerman, J.J. (2017). A Four-Biomarker Blood Signature Discriminates Systemic Inflammation Due to Viral Infection Versus Other Etiologies. Sci. Rep.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02325-8"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Navalkar, K., Kim, T.-K., and Gelinas, R. (2013). Pre-Symptomatic Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Infection. J. Emerg. Virol. Dis., 3."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2204.151302","article-title":"Post-Ebola Syndrome, Sierra Leone","volume":"22","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500306","article-title":"Persistence of Ebola Virus in Ocular Fluid during Convalescence","volume":"372","author":"Varkey","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/5\/3\/30\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:45:25Z","timestamp":1760208325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/5\/3\/30"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines5030030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines5030030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]}}}