{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T06:24:19Z","timestamp":1771655059865,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]],"date-time":"2017-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pandemic influenza is a constant global threat to human health. In particular, the pandemic potential of novel avian influenza viruses such as the H10N7 and H10N8 avian strains, which recently managed to cross the species barrier from birds to humans, are always of great concern as we are unlikely to have any prior immunity. Human and avian isolates of H10 influenza display the ability to rapidly adapt to replication in mammalian hosts. Fortunately, so far there is no evidence of efficient human-to-human transmission of any avian influenza virus. This review examines all of the available clinical and biological data for H10 influenza viruses with an emphasis on hemagglutinin as it is a major viral antigen that determines host range and immunity. The available glycan binding data on the influenza H10 hemagglutinin are discussed in a structure-recognition perspective. Importantly, this review raises the question of whether the emerging novel avian H10 influenza viruses truly represents a threat to global health that warrants close monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5040051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,14]],"date-time":"2017-12-14T04:30:55Z","timestamp":1513225855000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Portrait of the Sialyl Glycan Receptor Specificity of the H10 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin\u2014A Picture of an Avian Virus on the Verge of Becoming a Pandemic?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6044-4824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0017-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Velkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wright, P.F., and Webster, R.G. (2001). Orthomyxoviruses. Fields Virology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.9","article-title":"Host adaptation and transmission of influenza A viruses in mammals","volume":"3","author":"Schrauwen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116200109","article-title":"A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats","volume":"109","author":"Tong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.02.020","article-title":"H10N8 and H6N1 maintain avian receptor binding","volume":"17","author":"Richard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.01.010","article-title":"Bat-derived influenza-like viruses H17N10 and H18N11","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17736","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807142105","article-title":"Structure of influenza hemagglutinin in complex with an inhibitor of membrane fusion","volume":"105","author":"Russell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Influenza (Seasonal) Fact Sheet, World Health Organization. No. 211."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02116-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02116-14","article-title":"Contemporary avian influenza A virus subtype H1, H6, H7, H10, and H15 hemagglutinin genes encode a mammalian virulence factor similar to the 1918 pandemic virus H1 hemagglutinin","volume":"5","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, W., Zhou, X., Shi, W., Huang, L., Xia, W., Liu, D., Li, H., Chen, S., Lei, F., and Cao, L. (2014). Genesis of the novel human-infecting influenza A (H10N8) virus and potential genetic diversity of the virus in poultry, China. Eurosurveillance, 19.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.25.20841"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Ji, K., Chen, J., Tai, D., Jiang, W., Hou, G., Li, J., and Huang, B. (2009). Panorama phylogenetic diversity and distribution of type A influenza virus. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005022"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01322743","article-title":"Perpetuation of influenza A viruses in Alaskan waterfowl reservoirs","volume":"140","author":"Ito","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.01.001","article-title":"Detection and isolation of H5N1 influenza virus from large volumes of natural water","volume":"149","author":"Khalenkov","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086-47.s3.798","article-title":"Avian influenza in the western hemisphere including the Pacific Islands and Australia","volume":"47","author":"Senne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2307\/1590162","article-title":"Influenza A outbreaks in Minnesota turkeys due to subtype H10N7 and possible transmission by waterfowl","volume":"27","author":"Karunakaran","year":"1983","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.2307\/1593122","article-title":"Isolation of avian influenza virus (H10N7) from an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) with conjunctivitis and respiratory disease","volume":"44","author":"Woolcock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1637\/8781-040109-Reg.1","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of influenza A viruses (H6N8, H1N8, H4N2, H9N2, H10N7) isolated from wild birds, ducks, and ostriches in South Africa from 2007 to 2009","volume":"54","author":"Abolnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450600920992","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of an H10N7 avian influenza virus from poultry carcasses smuggled from China into Italy","volume":"35","author":"Terregino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.18.20793","article-title":"Influenza at the animal-human interface: A review of the literature for virological evidence of human infection with swine or avian influenza viruses other than A (H5N1)","volume":"19","author":"Freidl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.10.051","article-title":"An overview of the epidemiology of avian influenza","volume":"25","author":"Alexander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00160-7","article-title":"A review of avian influenza in different bird species","volume":"74","author":"Alexander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8609","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.16.8609-8614.2004","article-title":"Continuing evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in Southeastern China","volume":"78","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11212-0","article-title":"Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus","volume":"351","author":"Claas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6978","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00256-10","article-title":"Establishment of an H6N2 influenza virus lineage in domestic ducks in Southern China","volume":"84","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5349.393","article-title":"Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness","volume":"279","author":"Subbarao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-42","article-title":"Characterization of an H10N8 influenza virus isolated from Dongting lake wetland","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.9.4523-4533.1990","article-title":"Increased virulence of a mouse-adapted variant of influenza A\/FM\/1\/47 virus is controlled by mutations in genome segments 4, 5, 7 and 8","volume":"64","author":"Brown","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu345","article-title":"First evidence of H10N8 avian influenza virus infections among feral dogs in live poultry markets in Guangdong province, China","volume":"59","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zohari, S., Neimanis, A., Harkonen, T., Moraeus, C., and Valarcher, J.F. (2014). Avian influenza A (H10N7) virus involvement in mass mortality of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in Sweden, March through October 2014. Eurosurveillance, 19.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.46.20967"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2307\/4593084","article-title":"Comparative study of fowl plague virus and a virus isolated from man","volume":"82","author":"DeLay","year":"1967","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/122.6.513","article-title":"Fowl plague virus from man","volume":"122","author":"Campbell","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)01182-9","article-title":"Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus","volume":"351","author":"Yuen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"261","article-title":"Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans","volume":"358","author":"Chotpitayasunondh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.02.007","article-title":"Infection of immunocompromised patients by avian H9N2 influenza A virus","volume":"62","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308352100","article-title":"Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Fouchier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15589-X","article-title":"Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in The Netherlands","volume":"363","author":"Koopmans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-013-3083-0","article-title":"Origin and molecular characterization of the human-infecting H6N1 influenza virus in Taiwan","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Protein. Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2009.00114.x","article-title":"FAO-OIE-WHO joint technical consultation on avian influenza at the human-animal interface","volume":"4","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Influ. Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1805.111852","article-title":"Influenza virus A (H10N7) in chickens and poultry abattoir workers, Australia","volume":"18","author":"Arzey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10182","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03437-12","article-title":"The recent establishment of north American H10 lineage influenza viruses in Australian wild waterfowl and the evolution of Australian avian influenza viruses","volume":"87","author":"Vijaykrishna","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60111-2","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a fatal case of avian influenza A H10N8 virus infection: A descriptive study","volume":"383","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60163-X","article-title":"Avian influenza A (H10N8)\u2014A virus on the verge?","volume":"383","author":"Schmolke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.040","article-title":"Identification, characterization, and natural selection of mutations driving airborne transmission of A (H5N1) virus","volume":"157","author":"Linster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1888","article-title":"Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus","volume":"368","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9363","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.16.9363","article-title":"Molecular characterization of H9N2 influenza viruses: Were they the donors of the \u201cinternal\u201d genes of H5N1 viruses in Hong Kong?","volume":"96","author":"Guan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125548","article-title":"H5N1 virus attachment to lower respiratory tract","volume":"312","author":"Munster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2009.140257","article-title":"Mutations of novel influenza A (H10N8) virus in chicken eggs and Mdck cells","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.4.1761-1764.1993","article-title":"A single amino acid in the pb2 gene of influenza A virus is a determinant of host range","volume":"67","author":"Subbarao","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062882","article-title":"Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses","volume":"293","author":"Hatta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steel, J., Lowen, A.C., Mubareka, S., and Palese, P. (2009). Transmission of influenza virus in a mammalian host is increased by PB2 amino acids 627K or 627E\/701N. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000252"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459608419182","article-title":"An avian influenza virus of H10 subtype that is highly pathogenic for chickens, but lacks multiple basic amino acids at the haemagglutinin cleavage site","volume":"25","author":"Wood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01319010","article-title":"Deduced amino acid sequences at the haemagglutinin cleavage site of avian influenza A viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes","volume":"130","author":"Wood","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/1592241","article-title":"Survey of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site sequence of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses: Amino acid sequence at the HA cleavage site as a marker of pathogenicity potential","volume":"40","author":"Senne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2012.00354.x","article-title":"Multiannual patterns of influenza A transmission in Chinese live bird market systems","volume":"7","author":"Pepin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Influ. Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2107.141755","article-title":"Hemagglutinin receptor binding of a human isolate of influenza A (H10N8) virus","volume":"21","author":"Ramos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314321","article-title":"Replication of avian influenza viruses in humans","volume":"119","author":"Beare","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00170-X","article-title":"Studies on influenza viruses H10N4 and H10N7 of avian origin in mink","volume":"74","author":"Englund","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050321","article-title":"Two avian H10 influenza A virus strains with different pathogenicity for mink (Mustela Vison)","volume":"143","author":"Englund","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8572","article-title":"Specification of receptor-binding phenotypes of influenza virus isolates from different hosts using synthetic sialylglycopolymers: Non-egg-adapted human H1 and H3 influenza A and influenza B viruses share a common high binding affinity for 6\u2032-sialyl(N-acetyllactosamine)","volume":"232","author":"Gambaryan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.11.002","article-title":"Glycan microarray analysis of the hemagglutinins from modern and pandemic influenza viruses reveals different receptor specificities","volume":"355","author":"Stevens","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.399","article-title":"Sialobiology of influenza: Molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses","volume":"28","author":"Suzuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.04.016","article-title":"Recent avian H5N1 viruses exhibit increased propensity for acquiring human receptor specificity","volume":"381","author":"Stevens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093155","article-title":"The structure and receptor binding properties of the 1918 influenza hemagglutinin","volume":"303","author":"Gamblin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.69.1.531","article-title":"Receptor binding and membrane fusion in virus entry: The influenza hemagglutinin","volume":"69","author":"Skehel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124513","article-title":"Structure and receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin from an H5N1 influenza virus","volume":"312","author":"Stevens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1530","article-title":"Glycan microarray technologies: Tools to survey host specificity of influenza viruses","volume":"4","author":"Stevens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5949","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00545-13","article-title":"Molecular basis of the receptor binding specificity switch of the hemagglutinins from both the 1918 and 2009 pandemic influenza A viruses by a D225G substitution","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3362","article-title":"Enabling the \u2018host jump\u2019: Structural determinants of receptor-binding specificity in influenza A viruses","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-006-5440-1","article-title":"Avian and human receptor binding by hemagglutinins of influenza A viruses","volume":"23","author":"Russell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(93)90056-S","article-title":"Influenza virus strains selectively recognize sialyloligosaccharides on human respiratory epithelium; the role of the host cell in selection of hemagglutinin receptor specificity","volume":"29","author":"Couceiro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11825","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.24.11825-11831.2000","article-title":"Sialic acid species as a determinant of the host range of influenza A viruses","volume":"74","author":"Suzuki","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7367","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7367-7373.1998","article-title":"Molecular basis for the generation in pigs of influenza A viruses with pandemic potential","volume":"72","author":"Ito","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06322-11","article-title":"Structural characterization of the hemagglutinin receptor specificity from the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic","volume":"86","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/440435a","article-title":"Avian flu: Influenza virus receptors in the human airway","volume":"440","author":"Shinya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05264","article-title":"Haemagglutinin mutations responsible for the binding of H5N1 influenza A viruses to human-type receptors","volume":"444","author":"Yamada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10831","article-title":"Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA\/H1N1 virus in ferrets","volume":"486","author":"Imai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayora-Talavera, G., Shelton, H., Scull, M.A., Ren, J., Jones, I.M., Pickles, R.J., and Barclay, W.S. (2009). Mutations in H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin that confer binding to human tracheal airway epithelium. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007836"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11170","article-title":"Engineering H5N1 avian influenza viruses to study human adaptation","volume":"486","author":"Morens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01822-10","article-title":"Receptor binding profiles of avian influenza virus hemagglutinin subtypes on human cells as a predictor of pandemic potential","volume":"85","author":"Shelton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13443","article-title":"Receptor binding by H10 influenza viruses","volume":"511","author":"Vachieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4612","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03456-14","article-title":"Structure and receptor binding preferences of recombinant hemagglutinins from avian and human H6 and H10 influenza A virus subtypes","volume":"89","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.02.006","article-title":"A human-infecting H10N8 influenza virus retains a strong preference for avian-type receptors","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Zhang, W., Qi, J., Wang, F., Zhou, J., Bi, Y., Wu, Y., Sun, H., Liu, J., and Huang, C. (2015). Structural basis for preferential avian receptor binding by the human-infecting H10N8 avian influenza virus. Nat. Commun., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6600"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(91)90588-3","article-title":"Comparison of complete amino acid sequences and receptor-binding properties among 13 serotypes of hemagglutinins of influenza A viruses","volume":"182","author":"Nobusawa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"143","article-title":"Differences in influenza virus receptors in chickens and ducks: Implications for interspecies transmission","volume":"3","author":"Kuchipudi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Genet. Med. Int. J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00068-0","article-title":"X-ray structure of the hemagglutinin of a potential H3 avian progenitor of the 1968 Hong Kong pandemic influenza virus","volume":"309","author":"Ha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186430","article-title":"Structural basis of preexisting immunity to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus","volume":"328","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02162-09","article-title":"Structure, receptor binding, and antigenicity of influenza virus hemagglutinins from the 1957 H2N2 pandemic","volume":"84","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21474","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218841110","article-title":"Evolution of the receptor binding properties of the influenza A (H3N2) hemagglutinin","volume":"109","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2012.03.003","article-title":"The role of receptor binding specificity in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses","volume":"2","author":"Imai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06959-11","article-title":"Receptor-binding profiles of H7 subtype influenza viruses in different host species","volume":"86","author":"Gambaryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"313","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the receptor binding structure-activity relationships of influenza B virus hemagglutinin","volume":"57","author":"Carbone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta. Virol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12392","article-title":"Characterization of H7N9 influenza A viruses isolated from humans","volume":"501","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.05.006","article-title":"Circulating avian influenza viruses closely related to the 1918 virus have pandemic potential","volume":"15","author":"Watanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135165","article-title":"Immunization by avian H5 influenza hemagglutinin mutants with altered receptor binding specificity","volume":"317","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/21.5.865","article-title":"H5 avian and H9 swine influenza virus haemagglutinin structures: Possible origin of influenza subtypes","volume":"21","author":"Ha","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8502","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.18.8502-8512.2000","article-title":"Early alterations of the receptor-binding properties of H1, H2, and H3 avian influenza virus hemagglutinins after their introduction into mammals","volume":"74","author":"Matrosovich","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17175","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906849106","article-title":"Structures of receptor complexes formed by hemagglutinins from the Asian influenza pandemic of 1957","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1651","article-title":"Origin and evolution of the 1918 \u201cSpanish\u201d influenza virus hemagglutinin gene","volume":"96","author":"Reid","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12144","article-title":"Receptor binding by a ferret-transmissible H5 avian influenza virus","volume":"497","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12391","article-title":"Pathogenesis and transmission of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in ferrets and mice","volume":"501","author":"Belser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213362","article-title":"Airborne transmission of influenza A\/H5N1 virus between ferrets","volume":"336","author":"Herfst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12476","article-title":"Limited airborne transmission of H7N9 influenza A virus between ferrets","volume":"501","author":"Richard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/5\/4\/51\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:53:51Z","timestamp":1760208831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/5\/4\/51"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines5040051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines5040051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]]}}}