{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:36:16Z","timestamp":1790753776772,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]],"date-time":"2018-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation, China","award":["81401663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81401663"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRR60"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRR60"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GK1949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GK1949"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune defense against infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is complex and involves both host innate and adaptive immune systems. It is well accepted that the development of sufficient HBV-specific T cell and B cell responses are required for controlling an HBV infection. However, the contribution of innate immunity to removing HBV has been explored in recent years. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognized as the first line of antiviral immunity because they initiate intracellular signaling pathways to induce antiviral mediators such as interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines. Recent studies show that the activation of TLR-mediated signaling pathways results in a suppression of HBV replication in vitro and in vivo. However, HBV has also evolved strategies to counter TLR responses including the suppression of TLR expression and the blockage of downstream signaling pathways. Antiviral treatment in chronic HBV-infected patients leads to an upregulation of TLR expression and the restoration of its innate antiviral functions. Thus, TLR activation may serve as an additional immunotherapeutic option for treating chronic HBV infection in combination with antiviral treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T04:23:44Z","timestamp":1516163024000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Interaction between Hepatitis B Virus and Toll-Like Receptors: Current Status and Potential Therapeutic Use for Chronic Hepatitis B"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ejuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengji","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100230","article-title":"Immunobiology and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis","volume":"1","author":"Guidotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. 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