{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:54:55Z","timestamp":1790621695428,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Declaration of smallpox eradication by the WHO in 1980 led to discontinuation of the worldwide vaccination campaign. The increasing percentage of unvaccinated individuals, the existence of its causative infectious agent variola virus (VARV), and the recent synthetic achievements increase the threat of intentional or accidental release and reemergence of smallpox. Control of smallpox would require an emergency vaccination campaign, as no other protective measure has been approved to achieve eradication and ensure worldwide protection. Experimental data in surrogate animal models support the assumption, based on anecdotal, uncontrolled historical data, that vaccination up to 4 days postexposure confers effective protection. The long incubation period, and the uncertainty of the exposure status in the surrounding population, call for the development and evaluation of safe and effective methods enabling extension of the therapeutic window, and to reduce the disease manifestations and vaccine adverse reactions. To achieve these goals, we need to evaluate the efficacy of novel and already licensed vaccines as a sole treatment, or in conjunction with immune modulators and antiviral drugs. In this review, we address the available data, recent achievements, and open questions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T07:46:20Z","timestamp":1517211980000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Challenges and Achievements in Prevention and Treatment of Smallpox"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sharon","family":"Melamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomer","family":"Israely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Paran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fenner, F., Henderson, D.A., Arita, I., Jezek, A., and Ladnyi, I.D. (1988). Smallpox and Its Eradication, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (1980). The Global Eradication of Smallpox: Final Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Alibek, K. (1999). 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