{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T02:02:04Z","timestamp":1793325724119,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]],"date-time":"2019-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004336","name":"Novartis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["34704.002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["34704.002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gonorrhea is a major global public health problem with emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains with no effective vaccine. This retrospective cohort study aimed to estimate the effectiveness of the New Zealand meningococcal B vaccine against gonorrhea-associated hospitalization. The cohort consisted of individuals born from 1984 to 1999 residing in New Zealand. Therefore, it was eligible for meningococcal B vaccination from 2004 to 2008. Administrative datasets of demographics, customs, hospitalization, education, income tax, and immunization were linked using the national Integrated Data Infrastructure. The primary outcome was hospitalization with a primary diagnosis of gonorrhea. Cox\u2019s proportional hazards models were applied with a Firth correction for rare outcomes to generate estimates of hazard ratios. Vaccine effectiveness estimates were calculated as 1-Hazard Ratio expressed as a percentage. There were 1,143,897 eligible cohort members with 135 missing information on gender, 16,245 missing ethnicity, and 197,502 missing deprivation. Therefore, only 935,496 cohort members were included in the analysis. After adjustment for gender, ethnicity, and deprivation, vaccine effectiveness (MeNZB\u2122) against hospitalization caused by gonorrhea was estimated to be 24% (95% CI 1\u201342%). In conclusion, the data suggests vaccination with MeNZB\u2122 significantly reduced the rate of hospitalization from gonorrhea. This supports prior research indicating possible cross protection of this vaccine against gonorrhea acquisition and disease in the outpatient setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T03:06:06Z","timestamp":1547003166000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Effectiveness of a Group B Outer Membrane Vesicle Meningococcal Vaccine in Preventing Hospitalization from Gonorrhea in New Zealand: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8833-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"Paynter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Primary Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6657-9401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicity","family":"Goodyear-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Primary Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexual Health Services Waikato District Health Board and Honorary Senior Lecturer, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Saxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Community Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Petousis-Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunisation Advisory Centre, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman, L., Rowley, J., Vander Hoorn, S., Wijesooriya, N.S., Unemo, M., Low, N., Stevens, G., Gottlieb, S., Kiarie, J., and Temmerman, M. (2015). Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012 based on systematic review and global reporting. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.2.Suppl.S74","article-title":"Gonococcal vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Tramont","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000025","article-title":"Global resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: When theory becomes reality","volume":"27","author":"Lewis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1112456","article-title":"The emerging threat of untreatable gonococcal infection","volume":"366","author":"Bolan","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6507a1","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance\u2014The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 27 Sites, United States, 2014","volume":"65","author":"Kirkcaldy","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2015.1105782","article-title":"Is gonococcal disease preventable? The importance of understanding immunity and pathogenesis in vaccine development","volume":"42","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microb."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.2.124","article-title":"Gonorrhoea reinfection in heterosexual STD clinic attendees: Longitudinal analysis of risks for first reinfection","volume":"79","author":"Mehta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"53","article-title":"Mucosal approaches in Neisseria vaccinology","volume":"18","author":"Cuello","year":"2009","journal-title":"VacciMonitor"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"STI Surveillance Team (2010). Sexually Transmitted Infections in New Zealand: Annual Surveillance Report 2009, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.151093","article-title":"Ecologic Study of Meningococcal B Vaccine and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection, Norway","volume":"22","author":"Whelan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.11109","article-title":"Analysis of the genetic differences between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Two closely related bacteria expressing two different pathogenicities","volume":"93","author":"Tinsley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.06.120","article-title":"Effectiveness of a vaccination programme for an epidemic of meningococcal B in New Zealand","volume":"29","author":"Arnold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31449-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Group B OMV meningococcal vaccine against gonorrhoea in New Zealand\u2014A case control study","volume":"390","author":"Paynter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reekie, J., Donovan, B., Guy, R., Hocking, J.S., Jorm, L., Kaldor, J.M., Mak, D.B., Preen, D., Pearson, S., and Roberts, C.L. (2014). Hospitalisations for pelvic inflammatory disease temporally related to a diagnosis of Chlamydia or gonorrhoea: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094361"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Statistics New Zealand (2018, April 01). Linking methodology used by Statistics New Zealand in the Integrated Data Infrastructure project, Available online: http:\/\/archive.stats.govt.nz\/browse_for_stats\/snapshots-of-nz\/integrated-data-infrastructure\/idi-resources\/linking-methodology-statsnz-idi.aspx."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Development of New Zealand\u2019s deprivation index (NZDep) and its uptake as a national policy tool","volume":"103","author":"Salmond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Pub. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Health, M.O. (2018, April 01). STI data 2016. Youth SLM Data 2016 (cited 2018), Available online: https:\/\/nsfl.health.govt.nz\/dhb-planning-package\/system-level-measures-framework\/data-support-system-level-measures\/youth-slm-0."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530250041024","article-title":"Efficacy of acellular pertussis vaccine in early childhood after household exposure","volume":"275","author":"Schmitt","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1086\/377270","article-title":"Effects of pertussis vaccination on disease: Vaccine efficacy in reducing clinical severity","volume":"37","author":"Preziosi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx405","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in New Zealand","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.24129","article-title":"Vaccines against meningococcal serogroup B disease containing outer membrane vesicles (OMV): Lessons from past programs and implications for the future","volume":"9","author":"Holst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.058","article-title":"The concept of \u201ctailor-made\u201d, protein-based, outer membrane vesicle vaccines against meningococcal disease","volume":"23","author":"Holst","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.12.070","article-title":"Immuno-proteomic analysis of human immune responses to experimental Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicle vaccines identifies potential cross-reactive antigens","volume":"32","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200500821","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of a meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine prepared from the group B strain NZ98\/254","volume":"6","author":"Vipond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M113.029538","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae cell envelope and membrane vesicles for the discovery of potential therapeutic targets","volume":"13","author":"Zielke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2012.02903.x","article-title":"Novel meningococcal 4CMenB vaccine antigens\u2014Prevalence and polymorphisms of the encoding genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"120","author":"Hadad","year":"2012","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020407","article-title":"NadA, a novel vaccine candidate of Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"195","author":"Comanducci","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/7\/1\/5\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:23:42Z","timestamp":1760185422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/7\/1\/5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines7010005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines7010005","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201806.0495.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]]}}}