{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T06:35:11Z","timestamp":1763534111705,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1061428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1061428"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wesfarmer's Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Otitis media (OM) is a major reason for antibiotic consumption and surgery in children. Nasopharyngeal carriage of otopathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), is a prerequisite for development of OM, and increased nasopharyngeal otopathogen density correlates with disease onset. Vaccines can reduce or eliminate otopathogen carriage, as demonstrated for pneumococcal serotypes included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). The 10-valent PCV (PCV10) includes an NTHi carrier protein, and in 2011 superseded 7-valent PCV on the New Zealand Immunisation Program. Data are conflicting on whether PCV10 provides protection against NTHi carriage or disease. Assessing this in otitis-prone cohorts is important for OM prevention. We compared otopathogen density in the nasopharynx and middle ear of New Zealand PCV7-vaccinated and PCV10-vaccinated otitis-prone and non-otitis-prone children to determine PCV10 impact on NTHi and S. pneumoniae carriage. We applied qPCR to specimens collected from 217 PCV7-vaccinated children (147 otitis-prone and 70 non-otitis-prone) and 240 PCV10-vaccinated children (178 otitis-prone and 62 non-otitis-prone). After correcting for age and day-care attendance, no difference was observed between NTHi density in the nasopharynx of PCV7-vaccinated versus PCV10-vaccinated otitis-prone (p = 0.563) or non-otitis-prone (p = 0.513) children. In contrast, pneumococcal nasopharyngeal density was higher in PCV10-vaccinated otitis-prone children than PCV7-vaccinated otitis-prone children (p = 0.003). There was no difference in otopathogen density in middle ear effusion from PCV7-vaccinated versus PCV10-vaccinated otitis-prone children (NTHi p = 0.918; S. pneumoniae p = 0.415). When pneumococcal carriage was assessed by vaccine serotypes (VT) and non-vaccine serotypes (NVT), there was no difference in VT density (p = 0.546) or NVT density (p = 0.315) between all PCV7-vaccinated versus all PCV10-vaccinated children. In summary, PCV10 did not reduce NTHi density in the nasopharynx or middle ear, and was associated with increased pneumococcal nasopharyngeal density in otitis-prone children in New Zealand. Development of therapies that prevent or reduce otopathogen colonisation density in the nasopharynx are warranted to reduce the burden of OM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T03:08:05Z","timestamp":1548990485000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["PCV7- and PCV10-Vaccinated Otitis-Prone Children in New Zealand Have Similar Pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae Densities in Their Nasopharynx and Middle Ear"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Camilla","family":"de Gier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlyn M.","family":"Granland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janessa L.","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Walls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mejbah","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Starship Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children\u2019s Hospital, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma J.","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Starship Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth B.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5421-8126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea-Ann S.","family":"Kirkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1163","article-title":"Antibiotic prescription rates for acute respiratory tract infections in US ambulatory settings","volume":"302","author":"Grijalva","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.23.3096","article-title":"Trends in antimicrobial prescribing rates for children and adolescents","volume":"287","author":"McCaig","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00271-1","article-title":"The burden of otitis media","volume":"19","author":"Klein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1586\/erp.09.6","article-title":"Cost of treating otitis media in Australia","volume":"9","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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