{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:39:29Z","timestamp":1790361569228,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services","award":["HHSN272201400006C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400006C"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF) in Egypt","award":["5175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5175"]}]},{"name":"DFG-funded Collaborative Research Centres 1021","award":["T. C1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T. C1"]}]},{"name":"Transregional Collaborative Research Centre TRR 84","award":["TP A4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TP A4"]}]},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research","award":["TTU 01.803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU 01.803"]}]},{"name":"NRC-internal project","award":["TT110801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TT110801"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PROANTILIS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROANTILIS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccination is the most functional medical intervention to prophylactically control severe diseases caused by human-to-human or animal-to-human transmissible viral pathogens. Annually, seasonal influenza epidemics attack human populations leading to 290\u2013650 thousand deaths\/year worldwide. Recently, a novel Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus emerged. Together, those two viruses present a significant public health burden in areas where they circulate. Herein, we generated a bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs)-based vaccine presenting the antigenic stable chimeric fusion protein of the H1-type haemagglutinin (HA) of the pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1) strain from 2009 (H1N1pdm09) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (OMVs-H1\/RBD). Our results showed that the chimeric antigen could induce specific neutralizing antibodies against both strains leading to protection of immunized mice against H1N1pdm09 and efficient neutralization of MERS-CoV. This study demonstrate that OMVs-based vaccines presenting viral antigens provide a safe and reliable approach to protect against two different viral infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7020046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1559042289000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs)-Based Dual Vaccine for Influenza A H1N1 Virus and MERS-CoV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7556-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud M.","family":"Shehata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2878-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Teubner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen Site, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara H.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3253-6961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Kandeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8798-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabeh","family":"Elshesheny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thamer A.","family":"Boubak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Frantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen Site, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2321-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi La","family":"Pietra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen Site, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Pleschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 38105, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazi","family":"Kayali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Human Link, Baabda 1109, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1452-4759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trinad","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen Site, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mobarak Abu","family":"Mraheil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen Site, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuyan, G.S., Hossain, M.A., Sarker, S.K., Rahat, A., Islam, M.T., Haque, T.N., Begum, N., Qadri, S.K., Muraduzzaman, A.K., and Islam, N.N. 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