{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:16:40Z","timestamp":1792790200500,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance; Additional support was obtained from the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health led by IFPRI.","award":["CRP21-OA3-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP21-OA3-2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease of great public health and economic importance transmitted by mosquitoes. The main method of preventing the disease is vaccination of susceptible livestock before outbreaks occur. Studies on RVF vaccines have focused on the production processes, safety, and efficacy standards but those on uptake and adoption levels are rare. This study sought to understand the barriers faced by men and women farmers in the uptake of livestock vaccines to inform strategies for optimizing the use of vaccines against RVF in East Africa. The cross-sectional qualitative study utilized the pairwise ranking technique in sex disaggregated focus group discussions to identify and rank these barriers. Results indicate that men and women farmers experience barriers to vaccine uptake differentially. The barriers include the direct and indirect cost of vaccines, distances to vaccination points, availability of vaccination crushes, intra-household decision making processes and availability of information on vaccination campaigns. The study concludes that vaccine provision does not guarantee uptake at the community level. Hence, these barriers should be considered while designing vaccination strategies to enhance community uptake because vaccine uptake is a complex process which requires buy-in from men and women farmers, veterinary departments, county\/district and national governments, and vaccine producers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T11:05:32Z","timestamp":1565262332000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["A Qualitative Study on Gendered Barriers to Livestock Vaccine Uptake in Kenya and Uganda and Their Implications on Rift Valley Fever Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Edna","family":"Mutua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Post Office Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoline","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Post Office Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Tumusiime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Post Office Box 102, Plot 16-18 Lugard Avenue, Entebbe, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Jost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Support Initiative III, Social Solutions International, United States Agency for International Development Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave North West, Washington, DC 20523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Bett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Post Office Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3843-5","article-title":"Taxonomy of the family Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales: Update","volume":"163","author":"Maes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0293","article-title":"Risk Factors for Severe Rift Valley Fever Infection in Kenya, 2007","volume":"83","author":"Anyangu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.12.062","article-title":"Rift Valley fever virus subunit vaccines confer complete protection against a lethal virus challenge","volume":"28","author":"Kortekaas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.23.2.1500","article-title":"Rift valley fever","volume":"23","author":"Gerdes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.03.027","article-title":"Efficacy of three candidate Rift Valley fever vaccines in sheep","volume":"30","author":"Kortekaas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0289","article-title":"Prediction, Assessment of the Rift Valley Fever Activity in East and Southern Africa 2006\u20132008 and Possible Vector Control Strategies","volume":"83","author":"Anyamba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0450","article-title":"Relationship of Climate, Geography, and Geology to the Incidence of Rift Valley Fever in Kenya during the 2006\u20132007 Outbreak","volume":"86","author":"Hightower","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"The risk of a Rift Valley fever incursion and its persistence within the community","volume":"238","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2005","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"GOK (2019). Draft National Livestock Policy."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ahmed, O.A.H. (2010). Rift Valley Fever. A Resurgent Threath: Case Studies from Sudan and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ume\u00e5 International School of Public Health."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"WHO (2019, March 07). Rift Valley Fever-Kenya Disease Outbreak News 18th June 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/don\/18-june-2018-rift-valley-fever-kenya\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0291","article-title":"An Assessment of the Regional and National Socio-Economic Impacts of the 2007 Rift Valley Fever Outbreak in Kenya","volume":"83","author":"Rich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Tumusiime, D., Kihu, S., Mutua, E., and Bett, B. (2018). Towards the Development of Risk-Based Intervention Strategies for Rift Valley Fever in Uganda, ILRI. Report of a Workshop Held at Kampala, Uganda, 9 August 2018."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyakarahuka, L., Maurice, A.D.S., Purpura, L., Ervin, E., Balinandi, S., Tumusiime, A., Kyondo, J., Mulei, S., Tusiime, P., and Lutwama, J. (2018). Prevalence and risk factors of Rift Valley fever in humans and animals from Kabale district in Southwestern Uganda, 2016. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006412"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.07.046","article-title":"Rift Valley fever vaccines","volume":"27","author":"Ikegami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010023","article-title":"An Outbreak of Rift Valley Fever in Northeastern Kenya, 1997\u20131998","volume":"8","author":"Woods","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0363","article-title":"Sociocultural and Economic Dimensions of Rift Valley Fever","volume":"92","author":"Muga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutua, E.N., Bukachi, S.A., Bett, B.K., Estambale, B.A., and Nyamongo, I.K. (2017). \u201cWe do not bury dead livestock like human beings\u201d: Community behaviors and risk of Rift Valley Fever virus infection in Baringo County, Kenya. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005582"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukachi, S.A., and Bett, B.K. (2015). Lay perceptions of risk factors for Rift Valley fever in a pastoral community in northeastern Kenya. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2707-8"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kahn, C.M., Line, S., and Aiello, S. (2005). The Merck Veterinary Manual, Merck & Co. Inc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133313478315","article-title":"Climate, environment and disease: The case of Rift Valley fever","volume":"37","author":"Arora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.04.085","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the Rift Valley Fever Clone 13 vaccine in sheep","volume":"28","author":"Dungu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2017.1321482","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever vaccines: An overview of the safety and efficacy of the live-attenuated MP-12 vaccine candidate","volume":"16","author":"Ikegami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1709.110506","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever Vaccine Development, Progress and Constraints","volume":"17","author":"Kortekaas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"131","article-title":"Novel approaches to develop Rift Valley fever vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Indran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.118","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of recombinant Rift Valley fever MP-12 vaccine candidates in sheep","volume":"31","author":"Morrill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.12.003","article-title":"Vaccination of alpacas against Rift Valley fever virus: Safety, immunogenicity and pathogenicity of MP-12 vaccine","volume":"35","author":"Rissmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.055","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of Rift Valley fever Smithburn and Clone 13 vaccines in calves","volume":"29","author":"Engelbrecht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.06.041","article-title":"Protective immune responses induced by different recombinant vaccine regimes to Rift Valley fever","volume":"24","author":"Wallace","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gay, K., Eric, S., and Galino-Gonzales, S. (2016). Matrix Ranking: A Tool for Decision-Making and Prioritization, University of Florida.","DOI":"10.32473\/edis-wc239-2016"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Waithanji, E., Wanyoike, S., and Liani, M. (2015). The Role of Gender and Other Socio-Economic Factors in the Adoption of the Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Vaccine, ILRI. ILRI Discussion Paper 29."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2005.09.004","article-title":"Livestock health and socio-economic impacts of a veterinary intervention in Maasailand: Infection-and-treatment vaccine against East Coast fever","volume":"89","author":"Homewood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Wallace, D.B., Mather, A., Chetty, T., and Goga, S. (2019, March 07). Five diseases, one vaccine\u2014A boost for emerging livestock farmers in South Africa. Available online: https:\/\/idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10625\/53235\/IDL-53235.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Covarrubias, K., Nsiima, L., and Zezza, A. (2012). Livestock and Livelihoods in Rural Tanzania: A Descriptive Analysis of the 2009 National Panel Survey, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Jumba, H., Teufel, N., Kiara, H., and Baltenweck, I. (2016). The Use of the Infection and Treatment Method Vaccine in Controlling East Coast Fever in Kenya: Does Gender Matter for Adoption and Impact?, ILRI. ILRI Research Brief 71."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"3","article-title":"Challenges and constraints to vaccination in developing countries","volume":"130","author":"Alders","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Boil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.1643","article-title":"Caste, livelihoods and livestock: An exploration of the uptake of livestock vaccination adoption among poor farmers in India","volume":"23","author":"Heffernan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Int. Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12193","article-title":"Impacts on Rural Livelihoods in Cambodia Following Adoption of Best Practice Health and Husbandry Interventions by Smallholder Cattle Farmers","volume":"61","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Bagnol, B., IDFPD, and FAO (2012). Advocate Gender Issues: A Sustainable Way to Control Newcastle Disease in Village Chickens, International Network for Family Poultry Development."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Daly, R., and Price, A. (2010). Livestock Vaccines: How They Work and How to Ensure They Do Their Job, South Dakota State University."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"104","article-title":"Analysis of factors influencing adoption of cattle management technologies by communal farmers in Northern Namibia","volume":"22","author":"Musaba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Res. Rural Dev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(01)00088-2","article-title":"Designing Agricultural Technology for African Women Farmers: Lessons from 25 Years of Experience","volume":"29","author":"Doss","year":"2001","journal-title":"World Dev."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/7\/3\/86\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:09:37Z","timestamp":1760188177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/7\/3\/86"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines7030086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines7030086","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]}}}