{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:34:19Z","timestamp":1792222459100,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003950","name":"Wolfermann-Naegeli Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Tollwut in Afrika"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Tollwut in Afrika"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the existence of safe and efficacious human and animal rabies vaccines, millions of people remain at risk of exposure to this deadly zoonotic disease through bites of infected dogs. Sub-Saharan African countries, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), bear the highest per capita death rates from rabies where dog vaccination and availability of lifesaving post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is scarce. Mass dog vaccination is the most cost-effective and sustainable approach to prevent human rabies deaths. We conducted a cross-sectional household survey in a rabies-affected community in Matadi, DRC, to estimate the size of the owned dog population and dog bite incidence and assess knowledge and practices regarding rabies, as preparation for future mass dog vaccination campaigns. Our study revealed that the owned dog population in Matadi was almost ten times larger than assumed by local veterinary officials, with a large proportion of free-roaming unvaccinated dogs. The annual dog bite incidence of 5.2 per 1000 person years was high, whereas community rabies knowledge was low resulting in poor practices. Given these findings, human rabies deaths are likely to occur in this community. Lack of disease awareness could negatively affect participation in future mass dog vaccination campaigns. A public sensitization campaign is needed to promote appropriate rabies prevention (washing bite wounds and PEP) and control (dog vaccination) measures in this community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T04:38:23Z","timestamp":1566794303000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Dog Ecology, Bite Incidence, and Disease Awareness: A Cross-Sectional Survey among a Rabies-Affected Community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Mbilo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Kabongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 P\u00e9dagogique Nationale de Kinshasa, BP 8815 Kinshasa, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pati Patient","family":"Pyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 P\u00e9dagogique Nationale de Kinshasa, BP 8815 Kinshasa, Congo"},{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Avenue de la D\u00e9mocratie, BP 1197 Kinshasa\/Gombe, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9on","family":"Nlonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Etat de Matadi, Matadi, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond Williams","family":"Nzita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Etat de Matadi, Matadi, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bobo","family":"Luntadila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 P\u00e9dagogique Nationale de Kinshasa, BP 8815 Kinshasa, Congo"},{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Avenue de la D\u00e9mocratie, BP 1197 Kinshasa\/Gombe, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badiv\u00e9","family":"Badibanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 P\u00e9dagogique Nationale de Kinshasa, BP 8815 Kinshasa, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hattendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Zinsstag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampson, K., Coudeville, L., Lembo, T., Sambo, M., Kieffer, A., Attlan, M., Barrat, J., Blanton, J.D., Briggs, D.J., and Cleaveland, S. (2015). Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003786"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Organisation for Animal Health, and Global Alliance for Rabies Control (2018). Zero by 30: The Global Strategic Plan to End Human Deaths from Dog-Mediated Rabies by 2030, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)00197-9","article-title":"Immunization coverage required to prevent outbreaks of dog rabies","volume":"14","author":"Coleman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampson, K., Dushoff, J., Cleaveland, S., Haydon, D.T., Kaare, M., Packer, C., and Dobson, A. (2009). Transmission dynamics and prospects for the elimination of canine rabies. PLoS Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000053"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinsstag, J., Lechenne, M., Laager, M., Mindekem, R., Naissengar, S., Oussiguere, A., Bidjeh, K., Rives, G., Tessier, J., and Madjaninan, S. (2017). Vaccination of dogs in an African city interrupts rabies transmission and reduces human exposure. Sci. Transl. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf6984"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: Third Report, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laager, M., Mbilo, C., Madaye, E.A., Naminou, A., Lechenne, M., Tschopp, A., Naissengar, S.K., Smieszek, T., Zinsstag, J., and Chitnis, N. (2018). The importance of dog population contact network structures in rabies transmission. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006680"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.03.069","article-title":"Canine rabies vaccination and domestic dog population characteristics in the developing world: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Davlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obrist, B., Iteba, N., Lengeler, C., Makemba, A., Mshana, C., Nathan, R., Alba, S., Dillip, A., Hetzel, M.W., and Mayumana, I. (2007). Access to Health Care in Contexts of Livelihood Insecurity: A Framework for Analysis and Action. PLoS Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040308"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.04.007","article-title":"Low coverage of central point vaccination against dog rabies in Bamako, Mali","volume":"120","author":"Muthiani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.054","article-title":"Rabies control in rural Africa: Evaluating strategies for effective domestic dog vaccination","volume":"27","author":"Kaare","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003","article-title":"From \u201cone medicine\u201d to \u201cone health\u201d and systemic approaches to health and well-being","volume":"101","author":"Zinsstag","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.10.007","article-title":"A mixed methods approach to assess animal vaccination programmes: The case of rabies control in Bamako, Mali","volume":"165","author":"Mosimann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.11.033","article-title":"Operational performance and analysis of two rabies vaccination campaigns in N\u2019Djamena, Chad","volume":"34","author":"Lechenne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lembo, T., Hampson, K., Kaare, M.T., Ernest, E., Knobel, D., Kazwala, R.R., Haydon, D.T., and Cleaveland, S. (2010). The Feasibility of Canine Rabies Elimination in Africa: Dispelling Doubts with Data. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000626"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00021","article-title":"Toward Elimination of Dog-Mediated Human Rabies: Experiences from Implementing a Large-scale Demonstration Project in Southern Tanzania","volume":"4","author":"Mpolya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.194886","article-title":"Rabies control in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"96","author":"LeRoux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00778-8","article-title":"A dog rabies vaccination campaign in rural Africa: Impact on the incidence of dog rabies and human dog-bite injuries","volume":"21","author":"Cleaveland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"304","article-title":"Estimating human rabies mortality in the United Republic of Tanzania from dog bite injuries","volume":"80","author":"Cleaveland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhand, N.K., Gyeltshen, T., Firestone, S., Zangmo, C., Dema, C., Gyeltshen, R., and Ward, M.P. (2011). Dog Bites in Humans and Estimating Human Rabies Mortality in Rabies Endemic Areas of Bhutan. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001391"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ly, S., Buchy, P., Heng, N.Y., Ong, S., Chhor, N., Bourhy, H., and Vong, S. (2009). Rabies situation in Cambodia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000511"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Taylor, L.H., Hampson, K., Fahrion, A., Abela-Ridder, B., and Nel, L.H. (2015). Difficulties in estimating the human burden of canine rabies. Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"405","article-title":"On cases of rabies diagnosed in the laboratory at stanleyville from 1939 to 1958","volume":"44","author":"Courtois","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. Parasitol. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019, July 22). FAO Taking Steps to Address Rabies Situation in DRC. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/againfo\/home\/en\/news_archive\/AGA_in_action\/2012_FAO_address_rabies_situation_in_DRC.html."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773214Y.0000000161","article-title":"Human rabies: A descriptive observation of 21 children in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"108","author":"Muyila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2019, August 24). Global Alliance for Rabies Control. Rabies in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Available online: https:\/\/rabiesalliance.org\/resource\/rabies-democratic-republic-congo."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twabela, A.T., Mweene, A.S., Masumu, J.M., Muma, J.B., Lombe, B.P., and Hankanga, C. (2016). Overview of Animal Rabies in Kinshasa Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150403"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazadi, E.K., Tshilenge, G.M., Mbao, V., Njoumemi, Z., and Masumu, J. (2017). Determinants of dog owner-charged rabies vaccination in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186677"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.071490","article-title":"Owner valuation of rabies vaccination of dogs, Chad","volume":"14","author":"Durr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.11.147","article-title":"Factors of rabies maintenance in dog population in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)","volume":"79","author":"Kazadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la R\u00e9volution de la Modernit\u00e9 (MPSMRM), Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique (MSP), and ICF International (2014). Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 en R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo 2013\u20132014, MPSMRM, MSP et ICF International."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and Veterinary Public Health Unit (1988, January 22\u201325). Report of WHO Consultation on Dog Ecology Studies Related to Rabies Control. Proceedings of the WHO Consultation on Dog Ecology Studies Related to Rabies Control, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and Veterinary Public Health Unit (1990). Guide Pour la Gestion des Populations Canines, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinsstag, J., Schelling, E., Waltner-Toews, D., Whittaker, M., and Tanner, M. (2015). One Healh Study Designs. One Health: The Theory and Practice of Integrated Health Approaches, CAB International. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1079\/9781780643410.0000"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2010). R Development Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"53","article-title":"Impact of canine demography on rabies transmission in N\u2019djamena, Chad","volume":"65","author":"Mindekem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Trop. Rev. Corps Sante Colon."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gsell, A.S., Knobel, D.L., Kazwala, R.R., Vounatsou, P., and Zinsstag, J. (2012). Domestic dog demographic structure and dynamics relevant to rabies control planning in urban areas in Africa: The case of Iringa, Tanzania. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-236"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.07.009","article-title":"First study on domestic dog ecology, demographic structure and dynamics in Bamako, Mali","volume":"146","author":"Mauti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101","article-title":"The impact of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation","volume":"129","author":"Mickey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and UNICEF Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/81245\/1\/9789241505390_eng.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.03.023","article-title":"Successful strategies implemented towards the elimination of canine rabies in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"143","author":"Escobar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00038","article-title":"Cost Description and Comparative Cost Efficiency of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Canine Mass Vaccination against Rabies in N\u2019Djamena, Chad","volume":"4","author":"Mindekem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knobel, D.L., Laurenson, M.K., Kazwala, R.R., Boden, L.A., and Cleaveland, S. (2008). A cross-sectional study of factors associated with dog ownership in Tanzania. BMC Vet. Res., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-4-5"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"437","article-title":"A dog ecology study in an urban and a semi-rural area of Zambia","volume":"60","author":"Wandeler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conan, A., Akerele, O., Simpson, G., Reininghaus, B., van Rooyen, J., and Knobel, D. (2015). Population Dynamics of Owned, Free-Roaming Dogs: Implications for Rabies Control. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004177"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tschopp, R., Bekele, S., and Aseffa, A. (2016). Dog Demography, Animal Bite Management and Rabies Knowledge-Attitude and Practices in the Awash Basin, Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004471"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratsitorahina, M., Rasambainarivo, J.H., Raharimanana, S., Rakotonandrasana, H., Andriamiarisoa, M.P., Rakalomanana, F.A., and Richard, V. (2009). Dog ecology and demography in Antananarivo, 2007. BMC Vet. Res., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-5-21"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v6n2p209","article-title":"Dog ecology and population studies in Lagos State, Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Hambolu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"360","article-title":"Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia","volume":"83","author":"Knobel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12385","article-title":"Dog ecology and its implications for rabies control in Gwagwalada, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria","volume":"65","author":"Mshelbwala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sambo, M., Hampson, K., Changalucha, J., Cleaveland, S., Lembo, T., Lushasi, K., Mbunda, E., Mtema, Z., Sikana, L., and Johnson, P.C.D. (2018). Estimating the Size of Dog Populations in Tanzania to Inform Rabies Control. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201807.0090.v1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jibat, T., Hogeveen, H., and Mourits, M.C. (2015). Review on dog rabies vaccination coverage in Africa: A question of dog accessibility or cost recovery?. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003447"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806849","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/806849","article-title":"Demographic and ecological survey of dog population in aba, abia state, Nigeria","volume":"2014","author":"Otolorin","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Bureau Provincial de la Production et Sante Animales (PSA) (2017). Rapport de la Journee Mondiale Contre la Rage, Inspection Provinciale de l\u2019Agriculture, Peche et Elevage."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"The World Bank (2019, July 16). The World Bank in DRC. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/drc\/overview."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.2307\/1242453","article-title":"Statistical Efficiency of Double-Bounded Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation","volume":"73","author":"Hanemann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anyiam, F., Lechenne, M., Mindekem, R., Oussigere, A., Naissengar, S., Alfaroukh, I.O., Mbilo, C., Moto, D.D., Coleman, P.G., and Probst-Hensch, N. (2016). Cost-estimate and proposal for a development impact bond for canine rabies elimination by mass vaccination in Chad. Acta Trop.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.11.005"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12279","article-title":"The demography of free-roaming dog populations and applications to disease and population control","volume":"51","author":"Morters","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"592","article-title":"Survey of the dog population of Zimbabwe and its level of rabies vaccination","volume":"127","author":"Brooks","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00082-1","article-title":"Dog ecology and demography information to support the planning of rabies control in Machakos District, Kenya","volume":"78","author":"Kitala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czupryna, A.M., Brown, J.S., Bigambo, M.A., Whelan, C.J., Mehta, S.D., Santymire, R.M., Lankester, F.J., and Faust, L.J. (2016). Ecology and Demography of Free-Roaming Domestic Dogs in Rural Villages near Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167092"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01447.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of animal bite injuries in Uganda and projections of the burden of rabies","volume":"10","author":"Fevre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health TM IH"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salom\u00e3o, C., Nacima, A., Cuamba, L., Gujral, L., Amiel, O., Baltazar, C., Cliff, J., and Gudo, E.S. (2017). Epidemiology, clinical features and risk factors for human rabies and animal bites during an outbreak of rabies in Maputo and Matola cities, Mozambique, 2014: Implications for public health interventions for rabies control. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005787"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mustiana, A., Toribio, J.A., Abdurrahman, M., Suadnya, I.W., Hernandez-Jover, M., Putra, A.A., and Ward, M.P. (2015). Owned and unowned dog population estimation, dog management and dog bites to inform rabies prevention and response on Lombok Island, Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124092"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12202","article-title":"Survey of animal bite injuries and their management for an estimate of human rabies deaths in N\u2019Djamena, Chad","volume":"18","author":"Frey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"32","article-title":"An epidemiological study of animal bites in India: Results of a who sponsored national multi-centric rabies survey","volume":"38","author":"Sudarshan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1923","article-title":"Dog bites to humans\u2014Demography, epidemiology, injury, and risk","volume":"218","author":"Overall","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.02.002","article-title":"A comprehensive study of dog bites in Spain, 1995\u20132004","volume":"179","author":"Rosado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209330","article-title":"How many people have been bitten by dogs? A cross-sectional survey of prevalence, incidence and factors associated with dog bites in a UK community","volume":"72","author":"Westgarth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.17.027","article-title":"Epidemiology of Animal Bites and Factors Associated with Delays in Initiating Post-exposure Prophylaxis for Rabies Prevention among Animal Bite Cases: A Population-based Study","volume":"50","author":"Esmaeilzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019, July 16). Rabies Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/rabies."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"779","article-title":"Systematic Review: Interventions to Educate Children about Dog Safety and Prevent Pediatric Dog-Bite Injuries: A Meta-Analytic Review","volume":"42","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duperrex, O., Blackhall, K., Burri, M., and Jeannot, E. (2009). Education of children and adolescents for the prevention of dog bite injuries. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004726.pub2"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.12.032","article-title":"Estimating the intra-cluster correlation coefficient for evaluating an educational intervention program to improve rabies awareness and dog bite prevention among children in Sikkim, India: A pilot study","volume":"169","author":"Auplish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burdon Bailey, J.L., Gamble, L., Gibson, A.D., Bronsvoort, B.M.D., Handel, I.G., Mellanby, R.J., and Mazeri, S. (2018). A rabies lesson improves rabies knowledge amongst primary school children in Zomba, Malawi. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006293"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deray, R., Rivera, C., Gripon, S., Ulanday, C., Roces, M.C., Amparo, A.C., Attlan, M., Demont, C., Kieffer, A., and Miranda, M.E. (2018). Protecting children from rabies with education and pre-exposure prophylaxis: A school-based campaign in El Nido, Palawan, Philippines. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189596"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keita, Z.G.F., L\u00e9chenne, M., Thiero, O., Hattendorf, J., Zinsstag, J., Traor\u00e9, A., and Traor\u00e9, A.K. (2019). Burden of Rabies in Mali, submitted to Acta Trop.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105389"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Kallo, V. (2019). Estimation of Dog Population and Exposure to Bites in C\u00f4te D\u2019Ivoire, submitted to Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"244","article-title":"Perceptions and treatment seeking behavior for dog bites in rural Bangladesh","volume":"44","author":"Rumana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.04.015","article-title":"A prospective study on the incidence of dog bites and management in a rural Cambodian, rabies-endemic setting","volume":"160","author":"Ponsich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.181836","article-title":"Prevalence of Dog Bites in Rural and Urban Slums of Delhi: A Community-based Study","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"109","article-title":"A Community based cross sectional study of dog bites in children in a rural district of Tamil Nadu","volume":"6","author":"Murugan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Digafe, R.T., Kifelew, L.G., and Mechesso, A.F. (2015). Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards rabies: Questionnaire survey in rural household heads of Gondar Zuria District, Ethiopia. BMC Res. Notes, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1357-8"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2147\/VMRR.S103859","article-title":"Risk factors associated with nonvaccination rabies status of dogs in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Hergert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Med.-Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"547","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices of household heads regarding rabies in the Abobo district (Abidjan, Cote d\u2019Ivoire) in 2008","volume":"26","author":"Tiembre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sante Publique"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.003","article-title":"Rabies awareness and dog ownership among rural northern and southern Chadian communities-Analysis of a community-based, cross-sectional household survey","volume":"175","author":"Mbilo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060810","article-title":"Rabies encephalitis in malaria-endemic area, Malawi, Africa","volume":"13","author":"Mallewa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbosa Costa, G., Gilbert, A., Monroe, B., Blanton, J., Ngam Ngam, S., Recuenco, S., and Wallace, R. (2018). The influence of poverty and rabies knowledge on healthcare seeking behaviors and dog ownership, Cameroon. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197330"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sambo, M., Lembo, T., Cleaveland, S., Ferguson, H.M., Sikana, L., Simon, C., Urassa, H., and Hampson, K. (2014). Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) about rabies prevention and control: A community survey in Tanzania. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003310"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hergert, M., and Nel, L.H. (2013). Dog Bite Histories and Response to Incidents in Canine Rabies-Enzootic KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002059"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper-Recommendations. Vaccine, 28, 7140\u20137142.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.08.082"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jemberu, W.T., Molla, W., Almaw, G., and Alemu, S. (2013). Incidence of rabies in humans and domestic animals and people\u2019s awareness in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002216"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0398-3","article-title":"Management of dog bites by frontline service providers in primary healthcare facilities in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, 2014\u20132015","volume":"7","author":"Kenu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/7\/3\/98\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:13:57Z","timestamp":1760188437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/7\/3\/98"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines7030098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines7030098","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]}}}