{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T02:40:54Z","timestamp":1778035254624,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N.A."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.A."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The National Immunization Program (NIP) on Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba (i.e., Caribbean Netherlands (CN)) includes the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine since 1988\/89. Seroepidemiological data is an important tool to evaluate the NIP, hence a cross-sectional representative population-based serosurveillance study was conducted for the first time in CN in mid-2017. Participants (n = 1829, aged 0\u201390 years) donated a blood sample and completed a health-related questionnaire. MMR-specific IgG antibodies were determined using a bead-based multiplex immunoassay and risk factors were analyzed using logistic regression models. Overall seroprevalence was high for measles (94%), but lower for mumps and rubella (both 85%). In NIP eligibles, including women of childbearing age, rubella seroprevalence (88%) exceeded the threshold for protection (85%); however, for measles (89%) this protective level (95%) was not met. MMR seropositivity was lowest in children who became CN resident at 11\u201317 years of age (especially for measles (72%)), mostly originating from Latin America and other non-Western countries. Interestingly, rubella seroprevalence was lowest in non-NIP eligible adults from Dutch overseas territories and Suriname (75%). Taken together, MMR immunity is generally good in CN, nonetheless some risk groups were identified. Additionally, we found evidence for a unique island epidemiology. In light of recent regional measles outbreaks, disease monitoring remains of utmost importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T11:11:16Z","timestamp":1569928276000},"page":"137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Seroepidemiology of Measles, Mumps and Rubella on Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba: The First Population-Based Serosurveillance Study in Caribbean Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9124-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regnerus A.","family":"Vos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Mollema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"van Binnendijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene K.","family":"Veldhuijzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaby","family":"Smits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alcira V.A.","family":"Janga-Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Public Entity Bonaire, Kaya Neerlandia 41, Kralendijk Bonaire, Caribbean Netherlands, BQ-BO Kralendijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharda","family":"Baboe-Kalpoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Public Entity St. Eustatius, Cottageroad z\/n, Oranjestad, St. Eustatius, Caribbean Netherlands, 000BQ St. Eustatius, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Hulshof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Public Entity Saba, The Bottom, Saba, Caribbean Netherlands, 000BQ Saba, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona R.M.","family":"van der Klis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hester E.","family":"de Melker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: Summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"62","author":"McLean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mmwr. 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