{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T22:37:26Z","timestamp":1778884646333,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 AI075312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 AI075312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17SDG33630188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17SDG33630188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Secondary bacterial pneumonia is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality during seasonal and pandemic influenza. Due to the unpredictability of influenza A virus evolution and the time-consuming process of manufacturing strain-specific influenza vaccines, recent efforts have been focused on developing anti-Streptococcus pneumoniae immunity to prevent influenza-related illness and death. Bacterial vaccination to prevent viral-bacterial synergistic interaction during co-infection is a promising concept that needs further investigation. Here, we show that immunization with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) fully protects mice against low-dose, but not high-dose, secondary bacterial challenge using a murine model of influenza A virus-S. pneumoniae co-infection. We further show that immunization with PspA is more broadly protective than the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar). These results demonstrate that PspA is a promising vaccine target that can provide protection against a physiologically relevant dose of S. pneumoniae following influenza infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T10:53:03Z","timestamp":1570791183000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A as a Vaccine Antigen against Secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae Challenge during Influenza A Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9867-1483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clare M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Salmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse L.","family":"Bonin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis W.","family":"Metzger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1086\/511989","article-title":"The 1918 influenza pandemic: Insights for the 21st century","volume":"195","author":"Morens","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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