{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:49:48Z","timestamp":1760240988873,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,17]],"date-time":"2019-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I 3490-B30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I 3490-B30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-45-05002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-45-05002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza virus infections pre-dispose an individual to secondary pneumococcal infections, which represent a serious public health concern. Matching influenza vaccination was demonstrated helpful in preventing postinfluenza bacterial infections and associated illnesses in humans. Yet, the impact of influenza hemagglutinin (HA)-specific immunity alone in this dual-infection scenario remains elusive. In the present study, we assessed the protective effect of neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-hemagglutinin immunity in a BALB\/c influenza-pneumococcus superinfection model. Our immunogens were insect cell-expressed hemagglutinin-Gag virus-like particles that had been differentially-treated for the inactivation of bioprocess-related baculovirus impurities. We evaluated the potential of several formulations to restrain the primary infection with vaccine-matched or -mismatched influenza strains and secondary bacterial replication. In addition, we investigated the effect of anti-HA immunity on the interferon status in mouse lungs prior to bacterial challenge. In our experimental setup, neutralizing anti-HA immunity provided significant but incomplete protection from postinfluenza bacterial superinfection, despite effective control of viral replication. In view of this, it was surprising to observe a survival advantage with non-neutralizing adaptive immunity when using a heterologous viral challenge strain. Our findings suggest that both neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-HA immunity can reduce disease and mortality caused by postinfluenza pneumococcal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T04:31:10Z","timestamp":1574051470000},"page":"187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Potential of Influenza HA-Specific Immunity in Mitigating Lethality of Postinfluenza Pneumococcal Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8409-454X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Klausberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Leneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina N.","family":"Falynskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7750-9652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill","family":"Vasiliev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8962-4765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander V.","family":"Poddubikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadezhda P.","family":"Kartaschova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oxana A.","family":"Svitich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Stukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4501-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reingard","family":"Grabherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Egorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia"},{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1086\/591708","article-title":"Predominant Role of Bacterial Pneumonia as a Cause of Death in Pandemic Influenza: Implications for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness","volume":"198","author":"Morens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00007","article-title":"Understanding the pneumococcus: transmission and evolution","volume":"3","author":"Donkor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. 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