{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T17:38:56Z","timestamp":1776015536705,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fiocruz-VPPIS-004-FIO-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fiocruz-VPPIS-004-FIO-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FIOCRUZ\/ SES-MG\/SPLAG-MG\/FAPEMIG","award":["Yellow Fever"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yellow Fever"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["440911\/2016-8, research fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["440911\/2016-8, research fellowship"]}]},{"name":"Department for Science and Technology\/Brazilian Ministry of Health","award":["DECIT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DECIT"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais  (FAPEMIG)","award":["APQ-01989-18, APQ-04178-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-01989-18, APQ-04178-17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The yellow fever (YF) vaccine consists of an attenuated virus, and despite its relative safety, some adverse events following YF vaccination have been described. At the end of 2016, Brazil experienced the most massive sylvatic yellow fever outbreak over the last 70 years and an intense campaign of YF vaccination occurred in Minas Gerais state in Southeast Brazil from 2016 to 2018. The present study aimed to develop a genotyping tool and investigate 21 cases of suspected adverse events following YF vaccination. Initial in silico analyses were performed using partial NS5 nucleotide sequences to verify the discriminatory potential between wild-type and vaccine viruses. Samples from patients were screened for the presence of the YFV RNA, using 5\u2032UTR as the target, and then used for amplification of partial NS5 gene amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Genotyping indicated that 17 suspected cases were infected by the wild-type yellow fever virus, but four cases remained inconclusive. The genotyping tool was efficient in distinguishing the vaccine from wild-type virus, and it has the potential to be used for the differentiation of all yellow fever virus genotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T03:16:36Z","timestamp":1575515796000},"page":"206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Yellow Fever Virus Genotyping Tool and Investigation of Suspected Adverse Events Following Yellow Fever Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2616-6300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela Maur\u00edcio de","family":"Rezende","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9659-5621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Augusto","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou\/Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matheus Soares","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreza Parreiras","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou\/Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Fernanda Garcia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5426-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Soares","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, 30622-020 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Rita Teixeira","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, 30622-020 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Campi-Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou\/Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Valim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Cassiano Ant\u00f4nio Moraes - Empresa Brasileira de Servi\u00e7os Hospitalares, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, 29075-910 Vit\u00f3ria, Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Tourinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomanguinhos\/Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0487-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaquelline Germano de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou\/Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Calzavara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou\/Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Fabiano do Carmo","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secretaria de Estado de Sa\u00fade de Minas Gerais, 31630-900 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Vigil\u00e2ncia das Doen\u00e7as Transmiss\u00edveis, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, 70058-900 Bras\u00edlia, Distrito Federal, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2721-3826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erna Geessien","family":"Kroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5494-4889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olindo Assis","family":"Martins-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou\/Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Teixeira-Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou\/Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bet\u00e2nia Paiva","family":"Drumond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, June 20). ICTV International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Available online: https:\/\/talk.ictvonline.org\/taxonomy\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.08.030","article-title":"Yellow fever","volume":"64","author":"Monath","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102010005000046","article-title":"Yellow fever in Brazil: thoughts and hypotheses on the emergence in previously free areas","volume":"44","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.65.6.787","article-title":"The use of yellow fever virus modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization","volume":"65","author":"Theiler","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"WHO (2019, October 03). Weekly Epidemiological Record: Vaccines and Vaccination against Yellow Fever. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/wer\/2013\/wer8827.pdf?ua=1&ua=1."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.4.4.553","article-title":"Yellow fever vaccine","volume":"4","author":"Monath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2008). Detection and Investigation of Serious Adverse Events Following Yellow Fever Vaccination, WHO."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2018.75","article-title":"Yellow fever vaccine and risk of developing serious adverse events: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Porudominsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2010). Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Immunization against Yellow Fever, WHO."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (2014). Manual de Vigil\u00e2ncia Epidemiol\u00f3gica de Eventos Adversos P\u00f3s-Vacina\u00e7\u00e3o."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2019, October 10). SES-MG Febre Amarela Silvestre em Minas Gerais, Available online: http:\/\/www.saude.mg.gov.br\/images\/noticias_e_eventos\/000_2018\/BoletinsEpidemiologicos\/Boletim_-_Febre_Amarela_2018_-_Consolidado_V3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"895","article-title":"Persistence of neutralizing antibody 30\u201335 years after immunization with 17D yellow fever vaccine","volume":"59","author":"Poland","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.07.021","article-title":"Duration of post-vaccination immunity against yellow fever in adults","volume":"32","author":"Caldas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa-Pereira, C., Campi-Azevedo, A.C., Coelho-Dos-Reis, J.G., Peruhype-Magalhaes, V., Araujo, M.S.S., do Vale Antonelli, L.R., Fonseca, C.T., Lemos, J.A., Malaquias, L.C.C., and de Souza Gomes, M. (2018). Multi-parameter approach to evaluate the timing of memory status after 17DD-YF primary vaccination. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006462"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1082693","article-title":"Booster dose after 10 years is recommended following 17DD-YF primary vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Antonelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2311.171131","article-title":"Lineage-Specific Real-Time RT-PCR for Yellow Fever Virus Outbreak Surveillance, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat7115","article-title":"Genomic and epidemiological monitoring of yellow fever virus transmission potential","volume":"361","author":"Faria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Soper, F.L. (1942). Febre amarela panamericana, 1938\u20131942. Pan Am. J. Public Health, 1207\u20131222."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2019, October 03). MS-BR Monitoramento do Per\u00edodo Sazonal da Febre Amarela Brasil, 2018\/2019, Available online: https:\/\/portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br\/images\/pdf\/2019\/janeiro\/28\/informe-FA-n.3-21jan19.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2019, October 10). MS-BR Monitoramento do Per\u00edodo Sazonal da Febre Amarela Brasil, 2017\/2018, Available online: https:\/\/portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br\/images\/pdf\/2018\/outubro\/08\/Informe-FA.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2019, October 10). MS-BR Monitoramento do Per\u00edodo Sazonal da Febre Amarela Brasil, 2016\/2017, Available online: http:\/\/portalarquivos.saude.gov.br\/images\/pdf\/2017\/junho\/02\/COES-FEBRE-AMARELA---INFORME-43---Atualiza----o-em-31maio2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2019, October 03). SES-MG Febre Amarela Silvestre em Minas Gerais, Available online: http:\/\/www.saude.mg.gov.br\/images\/noticias_e_eventos\/000_2018\/BoletinsEpidemiologicos\/Boletim_-_Febre_Amarela_06_12_Finalizado.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2019, October 10). SES-MG Eventos Adversos P\u00f3s-Vacina\u00e7\u00e3o Associados \u00e0 Vacina Febre Amarela (EAPV-VFA) Minas Gerais, 2016 a 2018, Available online: http:\/\/www.saude.mg.gov.br\/images\/noticias_e_eventos\/000_2018\/BoletinsEpidemiologicos\/Boletim_epidemiol\u00f3gico_EAPV_finalv3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01799-12","article-title":"Advanced Yellow Fever Virus Genome Detection in Point-of-Care Facilities and Reference Laboratories","volume":"50","author":"Domingo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-58","article-title":"Development of one-step quantitative reverse transcription PCR for the rapid detection of flaviviruses","volume":"10","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2109","article-title":"jModelTest 2: More models, new heuristics and parallel computing","volume":"9","author":"Darriba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss075","article-title":"Bayesian Phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7","volume":"29","author":"Drummond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss084","article-title":"Improving the Accuracy of Demographic and Molecular Clock Model Comparison While Accommodating Phylogenetic Uncertainty","volume":"29","author":"Baele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy032","article-title":"Posterior Summarization in Bayesian Phylogenetics Using Tracer 1.7","volume":"67","author":"Rambaut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Rambaut, A., and Drummond, A.J. (2019, March 15). TreeAnnotator. Available online: https:\/\/beast.community\/treeannotator."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1448.006","article-title":"Stability of \u03b2-actin mRNA in plasma","volume":"1137","author":"Holford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","article-title":"The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments","volume":"55","author":"Bustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.12.5463","article-title":"DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors","volume":"74","author":"Sanger","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.02.016","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the microbiological world: How to make the most of your money","volume":"138","author":"Vincent","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics by 2026, WHO."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2019, October 16). PAHO Control of Yellow Fever. Field Guide. Available online: http:\/\/www.paho.org\/immunization\/toolkit\/resources\/paho-publication\/field-guides\/Control-of-Yellow-Fever.pdf?ua=1."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/7\/4\/206\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:00Z","timestamp":1760190000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/7\/4\/206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines7040206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines7040206","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]}}}