{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:24:59Z","timestamp":1792653899048,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u03b1-Gal syndrome (AGS) is a type of anaphylactic reaction to mammalian meat characterized by an immunoglobulin (Ig)E immune response to the oligosaccharide \u03b1-Gal (Gal\u03b11-3Gal\u03b21-4GlcNAc-R). Tick bites seems to be a prerequisite for the onset of the allergic disease in humans, but the implication of non-tick parasites in \u03b1-Gal sensitization has also been deliberated. In the present study, we therefore evaluated the capacity of helminths (Toxocara canis, Ascaris suum, Schistosoma mansoni), protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii), and parasitic fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus) to induce an immune response to \u03b1-Gal. For this, different developmental stages of the infectious agents were tested for the presence of \u03b1-Gal. Next, the potential correlation between immune responses to \u03b1-Gal and the parasite infections was investigated by testing sera collected from patients with AGS and those infected with the parasites. Our results showed that S. mansoni and A. fumigatus produce the terminal \u03b1-Gal moieties, but they were not able to induce the production of specific antibodies. By contrast, T. canis, A. suum and T. gondii lack the \u03b1-Gal epitope. Furthermore, the patients with T. canis infection had significantly decreased anti-\u03b1-Gal IgE levels when compared to the healthy controls, suggesting the potential role of this nematode parasite in suppressing the allergic response to the glycan molecule. This rather intriguing observation is discussed in the context of the \u2018hygiene hypothesis\u2019. Taken together, our study provides new insights into the relationships between immune responses to \u03b1-Gal and parasitic infections. However, further investigations should be undertaken to identify T. canis components with potent immunomodulatory properties and to assess their potential to be used in immunotherapy and control of AGS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T03:58:39Z","timestamp":1586231919000},"page":"167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Infection with Toxocara canis Inhibits the Production of IgE Antibodies to \u03b1-Gal in Humans: Towards a Conceptual Framework of the Hygiene Hypothesis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Adnan","family":"Hod\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Mateos-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Fr\u00e9alle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019\u2013UMR 8204\u2013CIIL\u2013Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7301-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Rom\u00e1n-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology Section, FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6999-9735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Alberdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s\/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Pichavant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Lille, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Risco-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7380 Dynamyc, UPEC, USC, ANSES, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Le Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Vicogne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019\u2013UMR9017\u2013CIIL\u2013Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Hemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAZ-Floridsdorf Allergy Center, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7020-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herbert","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9164-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Swoboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology Section, FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Duscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1220 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s\/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cabezas-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)77900-9","article-title":"Man, apes, and Old World monkeys differ from other mammals in the expression of alpha-galactosyl epitopes on nucleated cells","volume":"263","author":"Galili","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. 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