{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:55:12Z","timestamp":1793778912870,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 CA205106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 CA205106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA033572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA033572"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with acute infectious mononucleosis, whereas persistent infection is associated with chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases and various types of cancer. Indeed, approximately 2% of all new cancer cases occurring annually worldwide are EBV-associated. Currently, there is no licensed EBV prophylactic vaccine. Selection of appropriate viral protein subunits is critical for development of an effective vaccine. Although the major EBV surface glycoprotein gp350\/220 (gp350) has been proposed as an important prophylactic vaccine target, attempts to develop a potent vaccine based on gp350 alone have shown limited success in the clinic. We provide data showing that five EBV glycoproteins (gp350, gB, gp42, gH, and gL) involved in viral entry and infection can successfully be incorporated on the surface of EBV-like particles (EBV-LPs). These EBV-LPs, when administered together with aluminum hydroxide and monophosphoryl lipid A as adjuvants to New Zealand white rabbits, elicited EBV glycoprotein-specific antibodies capable of neutralizing viral infection in vitro in both B cells and epithelial cells, better than soluble gp350 ectodomain. Our findings suggest that a pentavalent EBV-LP formulation might be an ideal candidate for development as a safe and immunogenic EBV vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T03:58:39Z","timestamp":1586231919000},"page":"169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A Pentavalent Epstein-Barr Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Elicits High Titers of Neutralizing Antibodies against Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Immunized Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3182-1947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela M.","family":"Escalante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immuno-Oncology, Irell &amp; Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joslyn","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine Z.","family":"Mutsvunguma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2198-2798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H.","family":"Mulama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega 50100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4100-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murali","family":"Muniraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne K.","family":"Barasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier Gordon","family":"Ogembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.09.041","article-title":"The need and challenges for development of an Epstein-Barr virus vaccine","volume":"31","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-018-0570-1","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of EBV-driven cell cycle progression and oncogenesis","volume":"208","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Microbiol. 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