{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:43:26Z","timestamp":1791207806116,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been proposed; however, to date, none of them have been efficacious for the human or canine disease. On this basis, the design of leishmaniasis vaccines has been constantly changing, and the use of approaches to select specific epitopes seems to be crucial in this scenario. The ability to predict T cell-specific epitopes makes immunoinformatics an even more necessary approach, as in VL an efficient immune response against the parasite is triggered by T lymphocytes in response to Leishmania spp. immunogenic antigens. Moreover, the success of vaccines depends on the capacity to generate long-lasting memory and polyfunctional cells that are able to eliminate the parasite. In this sense, our study used a combination of different approaches to develop potential chimera candidate vaccines against VL. The first point was to identify the most immunogenic epitopes of Leishmania infantum proteins and construct chimeras composed of Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II epitopes. For this, we used immunoinformatics features. Following this, we validated these chimeras in a murine model in a thorough memory study and multifunctionality of T cells that contribute to a better elucidation of the immunological protective mechanisms of polyepitope vaccines (chimera A and B) using multicolor flow cytometry. Our results showed that in silico-designed chimeras can elicit polyfunctional T cells producing T helper (Th)1 cytokines, a strong immune response against Leishmania antigen, and the generation of central and effector memory T cells in the spleen cells of vaccinated animals that was able to reduce the parasite burden in this organ. These findings contribute two potential candidate vaccines against VL that can be used in further studies, and help in this complex field of vaccine development against this challenging parasite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T05:35:52Z","timestamp":1590557752000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Chimeric Vaccines Designed by Immunoinformatics-Activated Polyfunctional and Memory T Cells That Trigger Protection against Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7591-5331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rory Cristiane Fortes De","family":"Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas\/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeronimo Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Inform\u00e1tica de Biossistemas e Gen\u00f4mica, Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamille Mirelle de Oliveira","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas\/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais Lopes Valentim Di Paschoale","family":"Ostolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas\/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levi Eduardo Soares","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas\/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Augusto Siqueira","family":"Mathias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas\/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira","family":"Aguiar-Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas\/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Mendes","family":"Roatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas\/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Doen\u00e7as Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador 40110-160, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Corr\u00eaa-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela de Melo","family":"Resende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Inform\u00e1tica de Biossistemas e Gen\u00f4mica, Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Barbosa","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas\/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Doen\u00e7as Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador 40110-160, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zutshi, S., Kumar, S., Chauhan, P., Bansode, Y., Nair, A., Roy, S., Sarkar, A., and Saha, B. 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