{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:52:03Z","timestamp":1760237523059,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["283566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["283566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Zhejiang Provincial Universities","award":["ZS2017012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZS2017012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunoassays are among the frontline methods used for disease diagnosis and surveillance. Despite this, there are no immunoassays developed for the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis), which has expanded into large scale commercial production in several Asian countries. One of the critical factors delaying the development of immunoassays is the lack of characterized soft-shelled turtle immunoglobulins. Herein, we used mass spectrometry together with the ProtQuest software to identify the soft-shelled turtle IgM heavy chain in serum, which again was used to produce a polyclonal anti-turtle-IgM in rabbits. Thereafter, the polyclonal anti-turtle-IgM was used as a secondary antibody in an indirect ELISA to evaluate antibody responses of soft-shelled turtles injected with the bovine serum albumin (BSA) model antigen. Our findings show that only turtle immunized with a water-in-oil BSA plus ISA 763A VG adjuvant (SEPPIC, France) emulsion had antibodies detected at 42 days post vaccination (dpv) while turtles injected with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) only as well as turtle injected with BSA dissolved in PBS had no significant antibody levels detected in serum throughout the study period. In summary, our findings show that rabbit polyclonal anti-turtle-IgM produced can be used in ELISA to measure serum antibody responses in immunized soft-shelled turtles. Future studies should explore its application in other immunoassays needed for the disease diagnosis and vaccine development for soft-shelled turtles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T11:49:21Z","timestamp":1591012161000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunization with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in Oil-Adjuvant Elicits IgM Antibody Response in Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus Sinensis)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China"},{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiehao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3538-3657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d8ystein","family":"Evensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1021-6396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hetron Mweemba","family":"Munang\u2019andu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoying","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12392","article-title":"Identification and characterization of telocytes in the uterus of the oviduct in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle, P elodiscus sinensis: TEM evidence","volume":"18","author":"Ullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, F. (2008). 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