{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T19:32:42Z","timestamp":1772825562364,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08HL138285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08HL138285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG052530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG052530"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG056699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG056699"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002590","name":"American Lung Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Biomedical Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Biomedical Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Changes in innate and adaptive immune responses caused by viral imprinting can have a significant direct or indirect influence on secondary infections and vaccine responses. The purpose of our current study was to investigate the role of immune imprinting by influenza on pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in the aged murine lung. Aged adult (18 months) mice were vaccinated with the pneumococcal polyvalent vaccine Pneumovax (5 mg\/mouse). Fourteen days post vaccination, mice were instilled with PBS or influenza A\/PR8\/34 virus (3.5 \u00d7 102 PFU). Control and influenza-infected mice were instilled with PBS or S. pneumoniae (1 \u00d7 103 CFU, ATCC 6303) on day 7 of infection and antibacterial immune responses were assessed in the lung. Our results illustrate that, in response to a primary influenza infection, there was diminished bacterial clearance and heightened production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL6 and IL1\u03b2. Vaccination with Pneumovax decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production by modulating NF\u04a1B expression; however, these responses were significantly diminished after influenza infection. Taken together, the data in our current study illustrate that immune imprinting by influenza diminishes pneumococcal vaccine efficacy and, thereby, may contribute to increased susceptibility of older persons to a secondary infection with S. pneumoniae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T05:02:24Z","timestamp":1591938144000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of Influenza on Pneumococcal Vaccine Effectiveness during Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Aged Murine Lung"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ermias","family":"Jirru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1464-6828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianjun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0759-7295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo Jung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2387-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Stout-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4000","article-title":"Cellular senescence in aging and age-related disease: From mechanisms to therapy","volume":"21","author":"Childs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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