{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T15:04:09Z","timestamp":1761491049711,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]],"date-time":"2020-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[01KA1307]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[01KA1307]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[TI 03.907]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[TI 03.907]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helminth infections are common in sub-Saharan Africa. Besides direct clinical effects, a bias towards a T helper type 2 (Th2) cell immune response is observed. The consequences of parasite infection during pregnancy for the mother and particularly for the fetus and the newborn can be severe and may include impaired immune response during acute infection and vaccination. Here, we present data of immune responses to vaccines given within the expanded program on immunization (EPI) of infants born to helminth infected or non-infected mothers. The study was conducted in Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 and surroundings, Gabon. Maternal helminth infection was diagnosed microscopically using the Kato-Katz method for soil-transmitted helminths (STH), urine filtration for Schistosoma haematobium infections and the saponin-based method for filarial infections. Plasma antibody levels to different vaccine antigens were measured in mothers and their offspring by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at different timepoints. We found 42.3% of the mothers to be infected with at least one helminth species. Significantly lower anti-tetanus toxoid immunoglobulin (Ig) G was detected in the cord blood of infants born to helminth infected mothers. Following vaccination, immune responses of the infants to EPI vaccines were similar between the two groups at nine and 12 months. Even though infection with helminths is still common in pregnant women in Gabon, in our setting, there was no evidence seen for a substantial effect on infants\u2019 immune responses to vaccines given as part of the EPI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T09:30:49Z","timestamp":1594719049000},"page":"381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Impact of Helminth Infections during Pregnancy on Vaccine Immunogenicity in Gabonese Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Judith","family":"Fl\u00fcgge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3197-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u00f4la Akim","family":"Adegnika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), B.P. 242 Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9726-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yabo Josiane","family":"Honkpehedji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), B.P. 242 Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thaisa L.","family":"Sandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Askani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), B.P. 242 Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9d\u00e9on Prince","family":"Manouana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), B.P. 242 Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marguerite","family":"Massinga Loembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), B.P. 242 Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Br\u00fcckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Duali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), B.P. 242 Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Strunk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Mordm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), B.P. 242 Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selidji Todagbe","family":"Agnandji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), B.P. 242 Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Lell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), B.P. 242 Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"},{"name":"Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Kremsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), B.P. 242 Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meral","family":"Esen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), B.P. 242 Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510330076038","article-title":"Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. 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