{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:49Z","timestamp":1787030149178,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1I1A1A01061532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1I1A1A01061532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza is an annual epidemic and an occasional pandemic caused by pathogens that are responsible for infectious respiratory disease. Humans are highly susceptible to the infection mediated by influenza A viruses (IAV). The entry of the virus is mediated by the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein that binds to the cellular sialic acid receptors and facilitates the fusion of the viral membrane with the endosomal membrane. During IAV infection, virus-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by host intracellular specific sensors including toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) either on the cell surface or intracellularly in endosomes. Herein, we comprehensively review the current knowledge available on the entry of the influenza virus into host cells and the molecular details of the influenza virus\u2013host interface. We also highlight certain strategies for the development of universal influenza vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T21:20:28Z","timestamp":1600636828000},"page":"548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Influenza\u2013Host Interplay and Strategies for Universal Vaccine Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hye Suk","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1090-4930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mincheol","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoong Ahm","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6547","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.12.6547","article-title":"Evolution of human influenza A viruses in nature: Recombination contributes to genetic variation of H1N1 strains","volume":"76","author":"Young","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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