{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:13:05Z","timestamp":1793387585012,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFD0500702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0500702"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bronchitis (IB) are two highly contagious diseases that severely threaten the poultry industry. The goal of this study is to prevent these two diseases and reduce the vaccine costs during storage and transportation. In this study, we design a thermostable recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) candidate live vaccine strain designated as rLS-T-HN-T\/B, which expresses the multiple epitope cassette of the identified infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) (S-T\/B). The rLS-T-HN-T\/B strain was found to possess similar growth kinetics, passage stability, morphological characteristics, and virulence to the parental LaSota strain. After incubation at 56 \u00b0C at the indicated time points, the rLS-T-HN-T\/B strain was determined by the hemagglutination (HA), and 50% embryo infectious dose (EID50) assays demonstrated that it accords with the criteria for thermostability. The thermostable rLS-T-HN-T\/B and parental LaSota vaccines were stored at 25 \u00b0C for 16 days prior to immunizing the one-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. Three weeks postimmunization, the virus challenge results suggested that the chicks vaccinated with the rLS-T-HN-T\/B vaccine were protected by 100% and 90% against a lethal dose of NDV and IBV, respectively. Furthermore, the trachea ciliary activity assay indicated that the mean ciliostasis score of the chicks vaccinated with thermostable rLS-T-HN-T\/B vaccine was significantly superior to that of the LaSota and PBS groups (p &lt; 0.05). The rLS-T-HN-T\/B vaccine stored at 25 \u00b0C for 16 days remained capable of eliciting the immune responses and protecting against IBV and NDV challenges. However, the same storage conditions had a great impact on the parental LaSota strain vaccinated chicks, and the NDV challenge protection ratio was only 20%. We conclude that the thermostable rLS-T-HN-T\/B strain is a hopeful bivalent candidate vaccine to control both IB and ND and provides an alternative strategy for the development of cost-effective vaccines for village chickens, especially in the rural areas of developing countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T09:04:12Z","timestamp":1601543052000},"page":"564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Development of a Recombinant Thermostable Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Vaccine Express Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Multiple Epitopes for Protecting against IBV and NDV Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5362-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyuan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meizhen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6086-5722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingjie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuiping","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2266-7589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huabin","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xusheng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0631-5","article-title":"Development of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus-vectored vaccine for infectious bronchitis virus variant strains circulating in Egypt","volume":"50","author":"Abozeid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. 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