{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:18:29Z","timestamp":1760239109906,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001325","name":"San Antonio Area Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Morrison Trust","award":["2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid obtaining of safe, effective, anti-viral vaccines has recently risen to the top of the international agenda. To maximize the success probability of future anti-viral vaccines, the anti-viral vaccines successful in the past are summarized here by virus type and vaccine type. The primary focus is on viruses with both single-stranded RNA genomes and a membrane envelope, given the pandemic past of influenza viruses and coronaviruses. The following conclusion is reached, assuming that success of future strategies is positively correlated with strategies successful in the past. The primary strategy, especially for emerging pandemic viruses, should be development of vaccine antigens that are live-attenuated viruses; the secondary strategy should be development of vaccine antigens that are inactivated virus particles. Support for this conclusion comes from the complexity of immune systems. These conclusions imply the need for a revision in current strategic planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T09:04:12Z","timestamp":1601543052000},"page":"566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using the Past to Maximize the Success Probability of Future Anti-Viral Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8990-3251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Serwer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2020.05.005","article-title":"Comparative review of respiratory diseases caused by coronaviruses and influenza A viruses during epidemic season","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01315-7","article-title":"Profile of a killer: The complex biology powering the coronavirus pandemic","volume":"581","author":"Cyranoski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Z., Kang, Z., Yang, D., Ding, S., Luo, H., and Xiao, E. (2020). A comparison of clinical and chest CT findings in patients with influenza a (H1N1) virus infection and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). AJR Am. J. Roentgenol., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.23214"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"63","article-title":"Vaccines in historic evolution and perspective: A narrative of vaccine discoveries","volume":"3","author":"Hilleman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hum. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2012.04592.x","article-title":"Developments in rabies vaccines","volume":"169","author":"Hicks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armbruster, N., Jasny, E., and Petsch, B. (2019). Advances in RNA vaccines for preventive indications: A case study of a vaccine against rabies. Vaccines (Basel), 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040132"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0264","article-title":"Efficacy and duration of immunity after yellow fever vaccination: Systematic review on the need for a booster every 10 years","volume":"89","author":"Gotuzzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-0205-6","article-title":"Review of data and knowledge gaps regarding yellow fever vaccine-induced immunity and duration of protection","volume":"5","author":"Staples","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"E99","article-title":"Overview of Japanese encephalitis disease and its prevention. Focus on IC51 vaccine (IXIARO\u00ae)","volume":"59","author":"Amicizia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filgueira, L., and Lannes, N. (2019). Review of emerging Japanese encephalitis virus: New aspects and concepts about entry into the brain and inter-cellular spreading. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030111"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.02.012","article-title":"Influenza vaccines: Challenges and solutions","volume":"17","author":"Houser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12835","article-title":"Roads to advanced vaccines: Influenza case study","volume":"10","author":"Riese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.R119.001491","article-title":"Why glycosylation matters in building a better flu vaccine","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00384-X","article-title":"Current overview of the pathogenesis and prophylaxis of measles with focus on practical implications","volume":"20","author":"Hilleman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2017.0143","article-title":"Measles vaccine","volume":"31","author":"Griffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196702022760502","article-title":"Live attenuated mumps-virus vaccine. IV. Protective efficacy as measured in a field evaluation","volume":"276","author":"Hilleman","year":"1967","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, S.B., Chang, H.L., and Chen, A.K. (2020). Current status of mumps virus infection: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and vaccine. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051686"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196609152751101","article-title":"Attenuated rubella virus\u2014Development and laboratory characterization","volume":"275","author":"Parkman","year":"1966","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines3040988","article-title":"Application of oral fluid assays in support of mumps, rubella and varicella control programs","volume":"3","author":"Maple","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"300","article-title":"Membrane binding and bending in Ebola VP40 assembly and egress","volume":"5","author":"Stahelin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.02.044","article-title":"Prior vaccination with recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Zaire Ebolavirus vaccine is associated with improved survival among patients with Ebolavirus infection","volume":"38","author":"Kasereka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3","article-title":"Latest developments and future directions in dengue vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Thisyakorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01055","article-title":"Challenges in dengue vaccines development: Pre-existing infections and cross-reactivity","volume":"11","author":"Izmirly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1658503","article-title":"A review of Dengvaxia\u00ae: Development to deployment","volume":"15","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010312","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.08.020312","article-title":"Dengvaxia controversy: Impact on vaccine hesitancy","volume":"8","author":"Fatima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0577-1","article-title":"Implications of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection for SARS-CoV-2 countermeasures","volume":"38","author":"Eroshenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120955","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine","volume":"89","author":"Kim","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.3.430","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines","volume":"11","author":"Dudas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01006","article-title":"Prevention of pediatric respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract illness: Perspectives for the next decade","volume":"10","author":"Aranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.09.037","article-title":"Smallpox vaccines: Past, present, and future","volume":"118","author":"Parrino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1042\/BC20040058","article-title":"Virus factories: Associations of cell organelles for viral replication and morphogenesis","volume":"97","author":"Novoa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874414533352","article-title":"Poliomyelitis: Historical facts, epidemiology, and current challenges in eradication","volume":"4","author":"Mehndiratta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.7.1.25","article-title":"Oral adenoviral-based vaccines: Historical perspective and future opportunity","volume":"7","author":"Tucker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0404-3","article-title":"Marek\u2019s disease in chickens: A review with focus on immunology","volume":"47","author":"Boodhoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(83)96465-4","article-title":"The preparation and safety of hepatitis B vaccine","volume":"7","author":"Hilleman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22881","article-title":"Hepatitis B: The virus and disease","volume":"49","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1580578","article-title":"Clinical experience with the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine, Avaxim 80U Pediatric","volume":"18","author":"Bravo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2013.26.3.242","article-title":"Herpes zoster vaccination","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Plotkin, S.A., Orenstein, W.A., and Offit, P.A. (2008). Vaccines, Saunders. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0905211","article-title":"Effect of rotavirus vaccination on death from childhood diarrhea in Mexico","volume":"362","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100055","article-title":"GARDASIL: Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccine development--from bench top to bed-side","volume":"81","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00188","article-title":"The use of both therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines in the therapy of papillomavirus disease","volume":"11","author":"Garbuglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Offit, P.A. (2007). Vaccinated: One Man\u2019s Quest to Defeat the World\u2019s Deadliest Diseases, Smithsonian Books\/Collins."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(86)90040-X","article-title":"Vaccines made from recombinant yeast cells","volume":"4","author":"Hilleman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12283","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400472111","article-title":"History of vaccination","volume":"111","author":"Plotkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishat, S., and Andreana, P.R. (2016). Entirely carbohydrate-based vaccines: An emerging field for specific and selective immune responses. Vaccines, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines4020019"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.152.2.361","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-protein conjugates","volume":"152","author":"Schneerson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"27","article-title":"A review of pneumococcal vaccines: Current polysaccharide vaccine recommendations and future protein antigens","volume":"21","author":"Daniels","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarthy, P.C., Sharyan, A., and Sheikhi Moghaddam, L. (2018). Meningococcal vaccines: Current status and emerging strategies. Vaccines, 6.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201801.0291.v1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201500552","article-title":"Glycomics and glycoproteomics of membrane proteins and cell-surface receptors: Present trends and future opportunities","volume":"37","author":"Chandler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.03.020","article-title":"Relevance of glycosylation of S-layer proteins for cell surface properties","volume":"19","author":"Schuster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2019.05.003","article-title":"Glycosylation of viral surface proteins probed by mass spectrometry","volume":"36","author":"Hargett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/307178a0","article-title":"Human hepatitis B vaccine from recombinant yeast","volume":"307","author":"McAleer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13171.x","article-title":"Fine structure of hepatitis B virus surface antigen produced by recombinant yeast: Comparison with HBsAg of human origin","volume":"165","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11312","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01123-15","article-title":"Modification of asparagine-linked glycan density for the design of hepatitis B virus virus-like particles with enhanced immunogenicity","volume":"89","author":"Hyakumura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.03.007","article-title":"Glycoengineered hepatitis B virus-like particles with enhanced immunogenicity","volume":"38","author":"Joe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serwer, P. (2020). Optimizing anti-viral vaccine responses: Input from a non-specialist. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9050255"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31252-6","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine development pipeline gears up","volume":"395","author":"Mullard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koirala, A., Joo, Y.J., Khatami, A., Chiu, C., and Britton, P.N. (2020). Vaccines for COVID-19: The current state of play. Paediatr. Respir. Rev., 18.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2020.06.010"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.4161\/21645515.2014.979640","article-title":"Mechanisms and pathways of innate immune activation and regulation in health and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112804583087","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and control of innate immunity: Role of nucleic acids","volume":"19","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03203.x","article-title":"Translational mini-review series on Toll-like receptors: Networks regulated by Toll-like receptors mediate innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"147","author":"Parker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaid, N., Yasmeen, F., and Choi, S. (2019). Toll-like receptors and relevant emerging therapeutics with reference to delivery methods. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11090441"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2015.06.006","article-title":"Nanoparticle uptake: The phagocyte problem","volume":"10","author":"Gustafson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fam, S.Y., Chee, C.F., Yong, C.Y., Ho, K.L., Mariatulqabtiah, A.R., and Tan, W.S. (2020). Stealth coating of nanoparticles in drug-delivery systems. Nanomater, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10040787"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Karam, J.D. (1994). Long tail fibers: Genes, proteins, structure, and assembly. Molecular Biology of Bacteriophage T4, ASM Press."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-016-0230-x","article-title":"Molecular assembly and structure of the bacteriophage T4 tail","volume":"8","author":"Arisaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandea, C.I. (2013). A\u03b2, tau, \u03b1-synuclein, huntingtin, TDP-43, PrP and AA are members of the innate immune system: A unifying hypothesis on the etiology of AD, PD, HD, ALS, CJD and RSA as innate immunity disorders. bioRxiv, Available online: http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/content\/early\/2013\/11\/18\/000604.","DOI":"10.1101\/000604"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Dunn, M.J. (1986). Two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis \u201986, VCH."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150120109","article-title":"The distribution of particles characterized by size and free mobility within polydisperse populations of protein-polysaccharide conjugates, determined from two-dimensional agarose electropherograms","volume":"12","author":"Tietz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.06.026","article-title":"Vaccination against coronaviruses in domestic animals","volume":"38","author":"Tizard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.2.956-965.1992","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to the spike protein of feline infectious peritonitis virus mediate antibody-dependent enhancement of infection of feline macrophages","volume":"66","author":"Olsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2016.08.002","article-title":"Feline coronaviruses: Pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"96","author":"Tekes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000067911","article-title":"Overview of the needs and realities for developing new and improved vaccines in the 21st century","volume":"45","author":"Hilleman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2020, August 15). CDC: Vaccines & Preventable Diseases Home, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/vpd\/vaccines-list.html."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/8\/4\/566\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:15:30Z","timestamp":1760177730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/8\/4\/566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines8040566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines8040566","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-393X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]}}}