{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T13:36:10Z","timestamp":1784640970685,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocular manifestations are a feature of West Nile virus infection. They mostly occur in association with severe neuroinvasive disease. Linear chorioretinitis is suggestive of the diagnosis and may raise diagnostic suspicion when associated with evocative systemic signs, and in an epidemic context. Various other less specific inflammatory ocular manifestations have been reported, including anterior uveitis, occlusive retinal vasculitis, optic neuritis, and diplopia. The pathophysiology of ocular disease remains unclear, but it reflects the neuroinvasiveness of the disease. Although ocular involvement most often resolves without visual sequelae, some patients may have permanent loss of vision, adding to the need for the development of a specific treatment and\/or vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T09:04:46Z","timestamp":1604307886000},"page":"641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Ocular Manifestations of West Nile Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Antoine","family":"Rousseau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bic\u00eatre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"},{"name":"Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Commission (CEA), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Haigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Commission (CEA), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imen","family":"Ksiaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine; Monastir 5019, Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moncef","family":"Khairallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine; Monastir 5019, Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Labetoulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bic\u00eatre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"},{"name":"Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Commission (CEA), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-009-9319-6","article-title":"Novel infectious agents causing uveitis","volume":"30","author":"Khairallah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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