{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T01:16:22Z","timestamp":1784855782609,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002570","name":"The American Association of Immunologists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Careers in Immunology Fellowship Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Careers in Immunology Fellowship Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI146434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI146434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the previous influenza seasons, between 2010 and 2016, the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) provided variable efficacy against influenza in the U.S., causing the recommendation against the use of the LAIV. In striking contrast, pre-clinical studies have repeatedly demonstrated superior efficacy of LAIV against mismatched influenza viruses, compared to inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV). This disparity in reported vaccine efficacies between pre-clinical and clinical studies may in part be explained by limitations of the animal models of influenza. In particular, the absence of pre-existing immunity in animal models has recently emerged as a potential explanation for the discrepancies between preclinical findings and human studies. This commentary focuses on the potential impact of pre-existing immunity on LAIV induced immunogenicity with an emphasis on cross-protective immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T11:04:20Z","timestamp":1605524660000},"page":"683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Impact of Pre-Existing Immunity to Influenza on Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) Immunogenicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sreeja","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danushka K.","family":"Wijesundara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu079","article-title":"Differences in antibody responses between trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and live attenuated influenza vaccine correlate with the kinetics and magnitude of interferon signaling in children","volume":"210","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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