{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:26:27Z","timestamp":1783441587556,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["847507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847507"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a critical factor in the clinical presentation of COVID-19, which may range from asymptomatic to a fatal, multi-organ disease. A dysregulated immune response not only compromises the ability of the host to resolve the viral infection, but may also predispose the individual to secondary bacterial and fungal infections, a risk to which the current therapeutic immunomodulatory approaches significantly contribute. Among the secondary infections that may occur in COVID-19 patients, coronavirus-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is emerging as a potential cause of morbidity and mortality, although many aspects of the disease still remain unresolved. With this opinion, we present the current view of CAPA and discuss how the same mechanisms that underlie the dysregulated immune response in COVID-19 increase susceptibility to Aspergillus infection. Likewise, resorting to endogenous pathways of immunomodulation may not only restore immune homeostasis in COVID-19 patients, but also reduce the risk for aspergillosis. Therefore, CAPA represents the other side of the coin in COVID-19 and our advances in the understanding and treatment of the immune response in COVID-19 should represent the framework for the study of CAPA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T13:08:51Z","timestamp":1606828131000},"page":"713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Covid-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis: The Other Side of the Coin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1433-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Costantini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank L.","family":"van de Veerdonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigina","family":"Romani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.033","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on cellular heparan sulfate and ACE2","volume":"183","author":"Clausen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.042","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract","volume":"182","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2011400","article-title":"Multiorgan and renal tropism of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"383","author":"Puelles","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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