{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:40:27Z","timestamp":1790671227628,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccines can have heterologous effects on the immune system, i.e., effects other than triggering an immune response against the disease targeted by the vaccine. We investigated whether monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for tetanus could cross-react with Chlamydia and confer heterologous protection against chlamydial infection. The capability of two tetanus-specific mAbs, namely mAb26 and mAb51, to prevent chlamydial infection has been assessed: (i) in vitro, by performing a neutralization assay using human conjunctival epithelial (HCjE) cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis serovar B, and (ii) in vivo, by using a guinea pig model of Chlamydiacaviae-induced inclusion conjunctivitis. The mAb26 has been superior in comparison with mAb51 in the prevention of chlamydial infection in HCjE cells. The mAb26 has conferred \u224840% inhibition of the infection, compared to less than 5% inhibition in the presence of the mAb51. In vivo, mAb26 significantly diminished ocular pathology intensity in guinea pigs infected with C. caviae compared to either the mAb51-treated or sham-treated guinea pigs. Our data provide insights that tetanus immunization generates antibodies which induce heterologous chlamydial immunity and promote protection beyond the intended target pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T20:06:09Z","timestamp":1606853169000},"page":"719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cross-Reactive Effects of Vaccines: Heterologous Immunity between Tetanus and Chlamydia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Marijana","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera\u2013TORLAK, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6330-471X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Lukic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera\u2013TORLAK, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilija","family":"Marinkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera\u2013TORLAK, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Kovacevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera\u2013TORLAK, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radmila","family":"Miljkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera\u2013TORLAK, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Tobias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathophysiology Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Schabussova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathophysiology Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4311-1731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Zlatovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talin","family":"Barisani-Asenbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathophysiology Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Wiedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathophysiology Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7854-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Inic-Kanada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathophysiology Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Plotkin, S.A., and Mortimer, E.A. 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