{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T03:47:07Z","timestamp":1762660027565,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007496","name":"Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, VA Office of Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BX004127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX004127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007496","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cause of cancer-related deaths largely due to CRC liver metastasis (CRLM). Identification of targetable mechanisms continues and includes investigations into the role of inflammatory pathways. Of interest, MAPK is aberrantly expressed in CRC patients, yet the activation status is not defined. The present study assessed p38\u03b3 activation in CRC patients, cancer cells, and tissues of cotton top tamarin (CTT) and common marmoset (CM). The primate world is an overlooked resource as colitis-CRC-prone CTT are usually inure to liver metastasis while CM develop colitis but not CRC. The results demonstrate that p38\u03b3 protein and phosphorylation levels are significantly increased in CRC patients compared to normal subjects and CTT. Furthermore, p38\u03b3 phosphorylation is significantly elevated in human CRC cells and hepatoblastoma cells but not in CM colon. Additionally, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and biliary glycoprotein (BGP) are induced in the CRC patients that showed p38\u03b3 phosphorylation. Inhibition of p38 MAPK in CRC cells showed a significant decline in cell growth with no effect on apoptosis or BGP level. Overall, p38\u03b3 is activated in CRC tumorigenesis and likely involves CEA antigens during CRLM in humans but not in the CTT or CM, that rarely develop CRLM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T07:49:54Z","timestamp":1606895394000},"page":"720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["p38\u03b3 Activation and BGP (Biliary Glycoprotein) Induction in Primates at Risk for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer\u2014A Comparative Study with Humans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Harvinder","family":"Talwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development VA Medical Center and Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benita","family":"McVicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Tobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit VAMC, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012","volume":"136","author":"Ferlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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