{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:04:56Z","timestamp":1789128296196,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza viruses remain a constant burden in humans, causing millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Current influenza virus vaccine modalities primarily induce antibodies directed towards the highly variable head domain of the hemagglutinin protein on the virus surface. Such antibodies are often strain-specific, meaning limited cross-protection against divergent influenza viruses is induced, resulting in poor vaccine efficacy. To attempt to counteract this, yearly influenza vaccination with updated formulations containing antigens from more recently circulating viruses is required. This is an expensive and time-consuming exercise, and the constant arms race between host immunity and virus evolution presents an ongoing challenge for effective vaccine development. Furthermore, there exists the constant pandemic threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses with high fatality rates (~30\u201350%) or the emergence of new, pathogenic reassortants. Current vaccines would likely offer little to no protection from such viruses in the event of an epidemic or pandemic. This highlights the urgent need for improved influenza virus vaccines capable of providing long-lasting, robust protection from both seasonal influenza virus infections as well as potential pandemic threats. In this narrative review, we examine the next generation of influenza virus vaccines for human use and the steps being taken to achieve universal protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T23:03:42Z","timestamp":1610319822000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Next Generation of Influenza Vaccines: Towards a Universal Solution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5316-0986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L.D.","family":"McMillan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Watterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith J.","family":"Chappell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tidona, C., and Darai, G. (2012). The Springer Index of Viruses, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-95919-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.039","article-title":"The biology of influenza viruses","volume":"26","author":"Bouvier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M., and Howley, P. (2013). Fields Virology, Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Kluwer Academic. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asha, K., and Kumar, B. (2019). Emerging Influenza D Virus Threat: What We Know so Far!. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020192"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hause, B.M., Collin, E.A., Liu, R., Huang, B., Sheng, Z., Lu, W., Wang, D., Nelson, E.A., and Li, F. (2014). Characterization of a novel influenza virus in cattle and Swine: Proposal for a new genus in the Orthomyxoviridae family. MBio, 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00031-14"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2015, February 17). Influenza (Seasonal) Fact Sheet No. 211. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs211\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2020, July 28). Influenza (Seasonal). Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(seasonal)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2020, March 17). Cumulative Number of Confirmed Human Cases for Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Reported to WHO, 2003\u20132020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/influenza\/human_animal_interface\/2020_01_20_tableH5N1.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5928","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00130-16","article-title":"Multiple Natural Substitutions in Avian Influenza A Virus PB2 Facilitate Efficient Replication in Human Cells","volume":"90","author":"Manz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03328-14","article-title":"Identification of PB2 mutations responsible for the efficient replication of H5N1 influenza viruses in human lung epithelial cells","volume":"89","author":"Yamaji","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2103.141488","article-title":"Reassortant highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N6) virus in Laos","volume":"21","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2013.45.4.375","article-title":"Influenza vaccines: Unmet needs and recent developments","volume":"45","author":"Noh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/289366a0","article-title":"Structure of the haemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus at 3 \u00c5 resolution","volume":"289","author":"Wilson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.10.062","article-title":"Potent immunogenicity and efficacy of a universal influenza vaccine candidate comprising a recombinant fusion protein linking influenza M2e to the TLR5 ligand flagellin","volume":"26","author":"Huleatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.09.019","article-title":"Cross-protection against influenza virus infection by intranasal administration of M1-based vaccine with chitosan as an adjuvant","volume":"28","author":"Sui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2012.12.6.261","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a dual subunit vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.09.018","article-title":"Universal anti-neuraminidase antibody inhibiting all influenza A subtypes","volume":"100","author":"Doyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35033","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35033","article-title":"PB1 as a potential target for increasing the breadth of T-cell mediated immunity to Influenza A","volume":"6","author":"Uddback","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.111","article-title":"Global production capacity of seasonal influenza vaccine in 2011","volume":"31","author":"Partridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2015, March 02). Influenza Virus Vaccine for the 2014\u20132015 Season, Available online: http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/BiologicsBloodVaccines\/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation\/Post-MarketActivities\/LotReleases\/ucm397090.htm."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020, December 03). Flu & People 65 Years and Older, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/highrisk\/65over.htm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414070111","article-title":"Induction of broadly cross-reactive antibody responses to the influenza HA stem region following H5N1 vaccination in humans","volume":"111","author":"Ellebedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13260","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02133-14","article-title":"Induction of broadly reactive anti-hemagglutinin stalk antibodies by an H5N1 vaccine in humans","volume":"88","author":"Nachbagauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41902","article-title":"Heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies are produced by individuals immunized with a seasonal influenza vaccine","volume":"120","author":"Corti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00087","article-title":"Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Infection and Vaccination in Humans Induces Cross-Protective Antibodies that Target the Hemagglutinin Stem","volume":"3","author":"Thomson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4728","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03509-12","article-title":"H3N2 influenza virus infection induces broadly reactive hemagglutinin stalk antibodies in humans and mice","volume":"87","author":"Margine","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28706-1","article-title":"The influenza virus hemagglutinin head evolves faster than the stalk domain","volume":"8","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205669","article-title":"A neutralizing antibody selected from plasma cells that binds to group 1 and group 2 influenza A hemagglutinins","volume":"333","author":"Corti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5831","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00273-13","article-title":"Identification of Dominant Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Epitopes on the Hemagglutinin Antigen of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus","volume":"87","author":"Srivastava","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3443","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing hemagglutinin stalk-specific antibodies require FcgammaR interactions for protection against influenza virus in vivo","volume":"20","author":"DiLillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ana-Sosa-Batiz, F., Vanderven, H., Jegaskanda, S., Johnston, A., Rockman, S., Laurie, K., Barr, I., Reading, P., Lichtfuss, M., and Kent, S.J. (2016). Influenza-Specific Antibody-Dependent Phagocytosis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154461"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84428","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing anti-influenza antibodies require Fc receptor engagement for in vivo protection","volume":"126","author":"DiLillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.014","article-title":"Both Neutralizing and Non-Neutralizing Human H7N9 Influenza Vaccine-Induced Monoclonal Antibodies Confer Protection","volume":"19","author":"Dunand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kallewaard, N.L., Corti, D., Collins, P.J., Neu, U., McAuliffe, J.M., Benjamin, E., Wachter-Rosati, L., Palmer-Hill, F.J., Yuan, A.Q., and Walker, P.A. (2016). Structure and function analysis of an antibody recognizing all influenza A subtypes. Cell.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.073"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mullarkey, C.E., Bailey, M.J., Golubeva, D.A., Tan, G.S., Nachbagauer, R., He, W., Novakowski, K.E., Bowdish, D.M., Miller, M.S., and Palese, P. (2016). Broadly Neutralizing Hemagglutinin Stalk-Specific Antibodies Induce Potent Phagocytosis of Immune Complexes by Neutrophils in an Fc-Dependent Manner. MBio, 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01624-16"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steel, J., Lowen, A.C., Wang, T.T., Yondola, M., Gao, Q., Haye, K., Garcia-Sastre, A., and Palese, P. (2010). Influenza virus vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin stalk domain. MBio, 1.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00018-10"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13434","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01429-12","article-title":"Design of Escherichia coli-expressed stalk domain immunogens of H1N1 hemagglutinin that protect mice from lethal challenge","volume":"86","author":"Bommakanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308701110","article-title":"Production and stabilization of the trimeric influenza hemagglutinin stem domain for potentially broadly protective influenza vaccines","volume":"111","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2514","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402766111","article-title":"Influenza hemagglutinin stem-fragment immunogen elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies and confers heterologous protection","volume":"111","author":"Mallajosyula","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac7263","article-title":"A stable trimeric influenza hemagglutinin stem as a broadly protective immunogen","volume":"349","author":"Impagliazzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00329","article-title":"Hemagglutinin Sequence Conservation Guided Stem Immunogen Design from Influenza A H3 Subtype","volume":"6","author":"Mallajosyula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yassine, H.M., Boyington, J.C., McTamney, P.M., Wei, C.-J., Kanekiyo, M., Kong, W.-P., Gallagher, J.R., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., and Joyce, M.G. (2015). Hemagglutinin-stem nanoparticles generate heterosubtypic influenza protection. Nat. Med.","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3927"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22666","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22666","article-title":"Stalking influenza by vaccination with pre-fusion headless HA mini-stem","volume":"6","author":"Valkenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.05.038","article-title":"Vaccination with soluble headless hemagglutinin protects mice from challenge with divergent influenza viruses","volume":"33","author":"Wohlbold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.10.005","article-title":"Development of a universal influenza vaccine using hemagglutinin stem protein produced from Pichia pastoris","volume":"526","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.019","article-title":"Genetic and subunit vaccines based on the stem domain of the equine influenza hemagglutinin provide homosubtypic protection against heterologous strains","volume":"36","author":"Ibanez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5774","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00137-12","article-title":"Influenza Viruses Expressing Chimeric Hemagglutinins: Globular Head and Stalk Domains Derived from Different Subtypes","volume":"86","author":"Hai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6542","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00641-13","article-title":"Chimeric hemagglutinin influenza virus vaccine constructs elicit broadly protective stalk-specific antibodies","volume":"87","author":"Krammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03183-13","article-title":"H3 Stalk-Based Chimeric Hemagglutinin Influenza Virus Constructs Protect Mice from H7N9 Challenge","volume":"88","author":"Krammer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00286-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00286-17","article-title":"Chimeric Hemagglutinin Constructs Induce Broad Protection against Influenza B Virus Challenge in the Mouse Model","volume":"91","author":"Ermler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222908","article-title":"Highly conserved protective epitopes on influenza B viruses","volume":"337","author":"Dreyfus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16015","DOI":"10.1038\/npjvaccines.2016.15","article-title":"A chimeric haemagglutinin-based influenza split virion vaccine adjuvanted with AS03 induces protective stalk-reactive antibodies in mice","volume":"1","author":"Nachbagauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nachbagauer, R., Feser, J., Naficy, A., Bernstein, D.I., Guptill, J., Walter, E.B., Berlanda-Scorza, F., Stadlbauer, D., Wilson, P.C., and Aydillo, T. (2020). A chimeric hemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine approach induces broad and long-lasting immunity in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase I trial. Nat. Med.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1118-7"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0126-4","article-title":"A mosaic hemagglutinin-based influenza virus vaccine candidate protects mice from challenge with divergent H3N2 strains","volume":"4","author":"Broecker","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00333-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00333-19","article-title":"Development of Influenza B Universal Vaccine Candidates Using the \u201cMosaic\u201d Hemagglutinin Approach","volume":"93","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.100","article-title":"A computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) based H5N1 VLP vaccine elicits broadly reactive antibodies in mice and ferrets","volume":"29","author":"Giles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis232","article-title":"A computationally optimized hemagglutinin virus-like particle vaccine elicits broadly reactive antibodies that protect nonhuman primates from H5N1 infection","volume":"205","author":"Giles","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4720","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03152-15","article-title":"Design and Characterization of a Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Hemagglutinin Vaccine for H1N1 Influenza Viruses","volume":"90","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, J.D., Ray, S., and Ross, T.M. (2018). Split inactivated COBRA vaccine elicits protective antibodies against H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210043"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13300","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01532-14","article-title":"Broad protection against avian influenza virus by using a modified vaccinia Ankara virus expressing a mosaic hemagglutinin gene","volume":"88","author":"Kamlangdee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florek, N.W., Kamlangdee, A., Mutschler, J.P., Kingstad-Bakke, B., Schultz-Darken, N., Broman, K.W., Osorio, J.E., and Friedrich, T.C. (2017). A modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine vector expressing a mosaic H5 hemagglutinin reduces viral shedding in rhesus macaques. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181738"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(93)90385-B","article-title":"Protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge by immunization with a haemagglutinin-expressing plasmid DNA","volume":"11","author":"Robinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1086\/514176","article-title":"DNA immunization for influenza virus: Studies using hemagglutinin- and nucleoprotein-expressing DNAs","volume":"176","author":"Robinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8456302","article-title":"Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein","volume":"259","author":"Ulmer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1303.061125","article-title":"Matrix protein 2 vaccination and protection against influenza viruses, including subtype H5N1","volume":"13","author":"Tompkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.062","article-title":"Complete protection against a H5N2 avian influenza virus by a DNA vaccine expressing a fusion protein of H1N1 HA and M2e","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.08.053","article-title":"Vaccination focusing immunity on conserved antigens protects mice and ferrets against virulent H1N1 and H5N1 influenza A viruses","volume":"27","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.061","article-title":"A polyvalent influenza A DNA vaccine induces heterologous immunity and protects pigs against pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection","volume":"31","author":"Bragstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00091-15","article-title":"Protective Efficacy of the Conserved NP, PB1, and M1 Proteins as Immunogens in DNA- and Vaccinia Virus-Based Universal Influenza A Virus Vaccines in Mice","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol. CVI"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koday, M.T., Leonard, J.A., Munson, P., Forero, A., Koday, M., Bratt, D.L., Fuller, J.T., Murnane, R., Qin, S., and Reinhart, T.A. (2017). Multigenic DNA vaccine induces protective cross-reactive T cell responses against heterologous influenza virus in nonhuman primates. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189780"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.12.023","article-title":"A multi-valent vaccine approach that elicits broad immunity within an influenza subtype","volume":"27","author":"Huber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13538","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806901105","article-title":"A consensus-hemagglutinin-based DNA vaccine that protects mice against divergent H5N1 influenza viruses","volume":"105","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2017.49.2.117","article-title":"Humoral and Cellular Immunogenicity Induced by Avian Influenza A (H7N9) DNA Vaccine in Mice","volume":"49","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.09.086","article-title":"Broad cross-protective anti-hemagglutination responses elicited by influenza microconsensus DNA vaccine","volume":"36","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.01.029","article-title":"Phase 1 clinical trials of the safety and immunogenicity of adjuvanted plasmid DNA vaccines encoding influenza A virus H5 hemagglutinin","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobernik, D., and Bros, M. (2018). DNA Vaccines-How Far From Clinical Use?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113605"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022483","article-title":"An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2\u2014Preliminary Report","volume":"383","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Eng. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230749","article-title":"Induction of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo by liposome-entrapped mRNA","volume":"23","author":"Martinon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2436","article-title":"Protective efficacy of in vitro synthesized, specific mRNA vaccines against influenza A virus infection","volume":"30","author":"Petsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.03.035","article-title":"Preclinical and Clinical Demonstration of Immunogenicity by mRNA Vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 Influenza Viruses","volume":"25","author":"Bahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. J. Am. Soc. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05482-0","article-title":"Nucleoside-modified mRNA immunization elicits influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-specific antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1086\/319857","article-title":"Self-replicative RNA vaccines elicit protection against influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and a tickborne encephalitis virus","volume":"183","author":"Fleeton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2013.54","article-title":"Rapidly produced SAM(\u00ae) vaccine against H7N9 influenza is immunogenic in mice","volume":"2","author":"Hekele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.11.017","article-title":"Self-Amplifying RNA Vaccines Give Equivalent Protection against Influenza to mRNA Vaccines but at Much Lower Doses","volume":"26","author":"Vogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. J. Am. Soc. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523213666131125095046","article-title":"Adenovirus vectors for gene therapy, vaccination and cancer gene therapy","volume":"13","author":"Wold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19ra12","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000490","article-title":"Long-term thermostabilization of live poxviral and adenoviral vaccine vectors at supraphysiological temperatures in carbohydrate glass","volume":"2","author":"Alcock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.3390\/v2081681","article-title":"Adenoviral producer cells","volume":"2","author":"Kovesdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2010.519332","article-title":"Production of adenovirus vectors and their use as a delivery system for influenza vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Vemula","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-12-153","article-title":"Aerosolized adenovirus-vectored vaccine as an alternative vaccine delivery method","volume":"12","author":"Roy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-002-0870-y","article-title":"Recombinant adenovirus encoding the HA gene from swine H3N2 influenza virus partially protects mice from challenge with heterologous virus: A\/HK\/1\/68 (H3N2)","volume":"147","author":"Tang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2013.13.6.275","article-title":"Mucosal immunization with recombinant adenovirus encoding soluble globular head of hemagglutinin protects mice against lethal influenza virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weaver, E.A., and Barry, M.A. (2013). Low seroprevalent species D adenovirus vectors as influenza vaccines. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073313"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192517","article-title":"Induction of broadly neutralizing H1N1 influenza antibodies by vaccination","volume":"329","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68076-8","article-title":"Development of adenoviral-vector-based pandemic influenza vaccine against antigenically distinct human H5N1 strains in mice","volume":"367","author":"Hoelscher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00315-12","article-title":"Intranasal vaccination with replication-defective adenovirus type 5 encoding influenza virus hemagglutinin elicits protective immunity to homologous challenge and partial protection to heterologous challenge in pigs","volume":"19","author":"Braucher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol. CVI"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.04.047","article-title":"Protection against multiple influenza A subtypes by vaccination with highly conserved nucleoprotein","volume":"23","author":"Epstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, S.S., Kong, W.-P., Wei, C.-J., Van Hoeven, N., Gorres, J.P., Nason, M., Andersen, H., Tumpey, T.M., and Nabel, G.J. (2010). Comparative efficacy of hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, and matrix 2 protein gene-based vaccination against H5N1 influenza in mouse and ferret. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009812"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.02.053","article-title":"Multi-antigen vaccines based on complex adenovirus vectors induce protective immune responses against H5N1 avian influenza viruses","volume":"26","author":"Holman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.202","article-title":"A Universal Influenza A Vaccine Based on Adenovirus Expressing Matrix-2 Ectodomain and Nucleoprotein Protects Mice From Lethal Challenge","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hessel, A., Savidis-Dacho, H., Coulibaly, S., Portsmouth, D., Kreil, T.R., Crowe, B.A., Schwendinger, M.G., Pilz, A., Barrett, P.N., and Falkner, F.G. (2014). MVA vectors expressing conserved influenza proteins protect mice against lethal challenge with H5N1, H9N2 and H7N1 viruses. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088340"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2016.1115352","article-title":"Strategies towards universal pandemic influenza vaccines","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ichihashi, T., Yoshida, R., Sugimoto, C., Takada, A., and Kajino, K. (2011). Cross-Protective Peptide Vaccine against Influenza A Viruses Developed in HLA-A*2402 Human Immunity Model. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024626"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.11.018","article-title":"A novel peptide-based vaccine candidate with protective efficacy against influenza A in a mouse model","volume":"515","author":"Meijerhof","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013387107","article-title":"Vaccination with a synthetic peptide from the influenza virus hemagglutinin provides protection against distinct viral subtypes","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T.T., Tan, G.S., Hai, R., Pica, N., Petersen, E., Moran, T.M., and Palese, P. (2010). Broadly protective monoclonal antibodies against H3 influenza viruses following sequential immunization with different hemagglutinins. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000796"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7380","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7380-7388.2005","article-title":"Universal influenza B vaccine based on the maturational cleavage site of the hemagglutinin precursor","volume":"79","author":"Bianchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-102","article-title":"Influenza A virus infection engenders a poor antibody response against the ectodomain of matrix protein 2","volume":"3","author":"Feng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90452-I","article-title":"Influenza virus M2 protein has ion channel activity","volume":"69","author":"Pinto","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamb, R.A., Zebedee, S.L., and Richardson, C.D. (1985). Influenza virus M2 protein is an integral membrane protein expressed on the infected-cell surface. Cell, 40.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(85)90211-9"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/13484","article-title":"A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protein","volume":"5","author":"Neirynck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.02.021","article-title":"Preclinical study of influenza virus A M2 peptide conjugate vaccines in mice, ferrets, and rhesus monkeys","volume":"22","author":"Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu539","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of treatment with an anti-m2e monoclonal antibody in experimental human influenza","volume":"211","author":"Ramos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.07.007","article-title":"M2e-based universal influenza A vaccine","volume":"27","author":"Fiers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.06.010","article-title":"Multiple heterologous M2 extracellular domains presented on virus-like particles confer broader and stronger M2 immunity than live influenza A virus infection","volume":"99","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashemi, H., Pouyanfard, S., Bandehpour, M., Noroozbabaei, Z., Kazemi, B., Saelens, X., and Mokhtari-Azad, T. (2012). Immunization with M2e-displaying T7 bacteriophage nanoparticles protects against influenza A virus challenge. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045765"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.01.021","article-title":"Consensus M2e peptide conjugated to gold nanoparticles confers protection against H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1 influenza A viruses","volume":"141","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersson, A.-M.C., H\u00e5kansson, K.O., Jensen, B.A.H., Christensen, D., Andersen, P., Thomsen, A.R., and Christensen, J.P. (2012). Increased Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Influenza M2e Fused to a Tetramerizing Protein. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046395"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11382","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800650200","article-title":"An influenza A vaccine based on tetrameric ectodomain of matrix protein 2","volume":"283","author":"Martens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-120611-145115","article-title":"Toward a universal influenza virus vaccine: Prospects and challenges","volume":"64","author":"Pica","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02725-4","article-title":"Double-layered protein nanoparticles induce broad protection against divergent influenza A viruses","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.78","article-title":"Nucleoprotein of influenza A virus is a major target of immunodominant CD8+ T-cell responses","volume":"91","author":"Grant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.10.123","article-title":"Engineering of the PapMV vaccine platform with a shortened M2e peptide leads to an effective one dose influenza vaccine","volume":"33","author":"Carignan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolduc, M., Baz, M., Lalibert\u00e9-Gagn\u00e9, M.-\u00c8., Carignan, D., Garneau, C., Russel, A., Boivin, G., Savard, P., and Leclerc, D. (2018). The quest for a nanoparticle-based vaccine inducing broad protection to influenza viruses. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.08.010"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.0.14595","article-title":"An influenza N1 neuraminidase-specific monoclonal antibody with broad neuraminidase inhibition activity against H5N1 HPAI viruses","volume":"7","author":"Shoji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8278","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03178-13","article-title":"Single-Domain Antibodies Targeting Neuraminidase Protect against an H5N1 Influenza Virus Challenge","volume":"88","author":"Cardoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6114","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7114","article-title":"Structural characterization of a protective epitope spanning A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus neuraminidase monomers","volume":"6","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1708214","article-title":"Protective efficacy of anti-neuraminidase monoclonal antibodies against H7N9 influenza virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"28","article-title":"A Vero Cell\u2013Derived Whole-Virus H5N1 Vaccine Effectively Induces Neuraminidase-Inhibiting Antibodies","volume":"205","author":"Hohenadl","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv195","article-title":"Antibody to Influenza Virus Neuraminidase: An Independent Correlate of Protection","volume":"212","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02434-12","article-title":"Neuraminidase-Inhibiting Antibody Is a Correlate of Cross-Protection against Lethal H5N1 Influenza Virus in Ferrets Immunized with Seasonal Influenza Vaccine","volume":"87","author":"Rockman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)00157-V","article-title":"Recombinant neuraminidase vaccine protects against lethal influenza","volume":"14","author":"Deroo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1997.00332.x","article-title":"Protection of mice against a lethal influenza challenge by immunization with yeast-derived recombinant influenza neuraminidase","volume":"247","author":"Martinet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00279-X","article-title":"Supplementation of conventional influenza A vaccine with purified viral neuraminidase results in a balanced and broadened immune response","volume":"16","author":"Johansson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10366","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01035-10","article-title":"Recombinant soluble, multimeric HA and NA exhibit distinctive types of protection against pandemic swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus infection in ferrets","volume":"84","author":"Bosch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.3.1239-1246.1989","article-title":"Purified influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are equivalent in stimulation of antibody response but induce contrasting types of immunity to infection","volume":"63","author":"Johansson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krammer, F., Fouchier, R.A.M., Eichelberger, M.C., Webby, R.J., Shaw-Saliba, K., Wan, H., Wilson, P.C., Compans, R.W., Skountzou, I., and Monto, A.S. (2018). NAction! How Can Neuraminidase-Based Immunity Contribute to Better Influenza Virus Vaccines?. MBio, 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02332-17"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/1\/26\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:08:01Z","timestamp":1760159281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/1\/26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines9010026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9010026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]}}}