{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:19:31Z","timestamp":1793409571198,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Public health teams need to understand how the public responds to vaccination messages in a pandemic or epidemic to inform successful campaigns encouraging the uptake of new vaccines as they become available. A rapid systematic review was performed by searching PsycINFO, MEDLINE, healthevidence.org, OSF Preprints and PsyArXiv Preprints in May 2020 for studies including at least one health message promoting vaccine uptake of airborne-, droplet- and fomite-spread viruses. Included studies were assessed for quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) or the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR), and for patient and public involvement (PPI) in the research. Thirty-five articles were included. Most reported messages for seasonal influenza (n = 11; 31%) or H1N1 (n = 11; 31%). Evidence from moderate to high quality studies for improving vaccine uptake included providing information about virus risks and vaccination safety, as well as addressing vaccine misunderstandings, offering vaccination reminders, including vaccination clinic details, and delivering mixed media campaigns across hospitals or communities. Behavioural influences (beliefs and intentions) were improved when: shorter, risk-reducing or relative risk framing messages were used; the benefits of vaccination to society were emphasised; and beliefs about capability and concerns among target populations (e.g., vaccine safety) were addressed. Clear, credible, messages in a language target groups can understand were associated with higher acceptability. Two studies (6%) described PPI in the research process. Future campaigns should consider the beliefs and information needs of target populations in their design, including ensuring that vaccine eligibility and availability is clear, and messages are accessible. More high quality research is needed to demonstrate the effects of messaging interventions on actual vaccine uptake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T02:36:05Z","timestamp":1611196565000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["A Rapid Systematic Review of Public Responses to Health Messages Encouraging Vaccination against Infectious Diseases in a Pandemic or Epidemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9307-4532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadie","family":"Lawes-Wickwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0580-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Ghio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester M6 6PU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei Yee","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science Policy Research Unit, Population Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7815-6174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Keyworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0792-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Stanescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Westbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5686-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Jenkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of West England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6428-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelos P.","family":"Kassianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5241-6222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Scanlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Policy, and Research, Education Support, London N5 1EW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Garnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of West England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Laidlaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Contributor, Health Psychology Exchange Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) Group, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6502-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Howlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sports, and Geography, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Psychology, and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Stanulewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Applied Social Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Guest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of West England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6353-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniella","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Research Institute, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Insight, Edinburgh EH9 3EY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9658-5394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Byrne-Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Division of Medical Education, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9043-2565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Chater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health, Wellbeing and Behaviour Change, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK41 9EA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9985-5137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Division of Medical Education, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Armitage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"},{"name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester M13 9NQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5752-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian W.","family":"Shorter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Improving Health Related Quality of Life, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivien","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1653-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracy","family":"Epton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Oxford University (2020). Oxford University Breakthrough on Global COVID-19 Vaccine, Oxford UniversityPress."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Food & Drug Administration (2020). FDA Takes Additional Action in Fight Against COVID-19 by Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for Second COVID-19 Vaccine."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Food & Drug Administration (2020). FDA Takes Key Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for First COVID-19 Vaccine."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). WHO Issues its First Emergency Use Validation for a COVID-19 Vaccine and Emphasizes Need for Equitable Global Access, WHO."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.040089","article-title":"Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide","volume":"86","author":"Andre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.02.015","article-title":"The vaccination coverage required to establish herd immunity against influenza viruses","volume":"55","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazarus, J.V., Ratzan, S.C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L.O., Larson, H.J., Rabin, K., Kimball, S., and El-Mohandes, A. (2020). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nat. Med., 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.23.20180307"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ipsos (2020). Global Attitudes on a COVID-19 Vaccine, Ipsos Group."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorneloe, R., Wilcockson, H., Lamb, M., Jordan, C.H., and Arden, M. Willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine among adults at high-risk of COVID-19: A UK-wide survey. PsyArXiv, 2020.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/fs9wk"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Royal Society for Public Health (2020). One in Five Public Unsure about Getting Coronavirus Vaccine, If Available, RSPH."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2014.160","article-title":"Perceptions and behavioral responses of the general public during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Bults","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disaster Med. Public Health Prep."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"197","article-title":"Acceptance of a pandemic influenza vaccine: A systematic review of surveys of the general public","volume":"4","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, E., Jones, A., and Daly, M. (2020). International estimates of intended uptake and refusal of COVID-19 vaccines: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of large nationally representative samples. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.01.20241729"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Nuffield Trust (2020, August 28). Adult Flu Vaccination Coverage. Available online: https:\/\/www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk\/resource\/adult-flu-vaccination-coverage."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Public Health England (2020). Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Uptake in GP Patients: Winter Season 2019 to 2020, PHE."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghio, D., Lawes-Wickwar, S., Tang, M.Y., Epton, T., Howlett, N., Jenkinson, E., Stanescu, S., Westbrook, J., Kassianos, A., and Watson, D. (2020). What Influences People\u2019s Responses to Public Health Messages for Managing Risks and Preventing Disease During Public Health Crises? A Rapid Review of the Evidence and Recommendations. PsyArXiv Prepr.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/nz7tr"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014A web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1108\/07378830610692127","article-title":"Clear and present questions: Formulating questions for evidence based practice","volume":"24","author":"Cleyle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Libr. Hi Tech"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"285","article-title":"Mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT), version 2018","volume":"34","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ. Inf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shea, B.J., Grimshaw, J.M., Wells, G.A., Boers, M., Andersson, N., Hamel, C., Porter, A.C., Tugwell, P., Moher, D., and Bouter, L.M. (2007). Development of AMSTAR: A measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-10"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020452","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020452","article-title":"Frequency of reporting on patient and public involvement (PPI) in research studies published in a general medical journal: A descriptive study","volume":"8","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baskin, E. (2018). Increasing influenza vaccination rates via low cost messaging interventions. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192594"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.06.021","article-title":"Text4baby influenza messaging and influenza vaccination among pregnant women","volume":"53","author":"Bushar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2013.06.017","article-title":"Patient knowledge and recall of health information following exposure to \u201cfacts and myths\u201d message format variations","volume":"92","author":"Cameron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2019.1630527","article-title":"\u201cInfluenza\u201d versus \u201cFlu\u201d: Do Different Medical Terms Affect Vaccination Intention?","volume":"24","author":"Cummings","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010069","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010069","article-title":"Text messaging reminders for influenza vaccine in primary care: A cluster randomised controlled trial (TXT4FLUJAB)","volume":"6","author":"Herrett","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2017.1384353","article-title":"Effects of message framing on influenza vaccination: Understanding the role of risk disclosure, perceived vaccine efficacy, and felt ambivalence","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/1524500418771283","article-title":"Motivating influenza vaccination among young adults: The effects of public service advertising message framing and text versus image support","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Mark. Q."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2013.840697","article-title":"Promotional communications for influenza vaccination: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"MacDonald","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2011.606523","article-title":"Influenza vaccination: The persuasiveness of messages among people aged 65 years and older","volume":"27","author":"Prati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2120","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of text message reminders for increasing influenza vaccination","volume":"15","author":"Regan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2012.662147","article-title":"Benefits for me or risks for others: A cross-culture investigation of the effects of message frames and cultural appeals","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.03.014","article-title":"Community-level text messaging for 2009 H1N1 prevention in China","volume":"45","author":"Chai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2011.39.8.1063","article-title":"Use of message framing and color in vaccine information to increase willingness to be vaccinated","volume":"39","author":"Chien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Behav. Pers. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Driedger, S.M., Cooper, E., Jardine, C., Furgal, C., and Bartlett, J. (2013). Communicating risk to Aboriginal Peoples: First Nations and Metis responses to H1N1 risk messages. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071106"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jhummon-Mahadnac, N.D., Knott, J., and Marshall, C. (2012). A cross-sectional study of pandemic influenza health literacy and the effect of a public health campaign. BMC Res. Notes, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-377"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, L., Savoia, E., Agboola, F., and Viswanath, K. (2014). What have we learned about communication inequalities during the H1N1 pandemic: A systematic review of the literature. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-484"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-011-0865-y","article-title":"Pregnant and recently pregnant women\u2019s perceptions about influenza a pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Implications for public health and provider communication","volume":"16","author":"Lynch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/10570314.2013.776099","article-title":"Memorable messages and the H1N1 flu virus","volume":"77","author":"Miczo","year":"2013","journal-title":"West. J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2011.617243","article-title":"Acceptability of the H1N1 vaccine among older adults: The interplay of message framing and perceived vaccine safety and efficacy","volume":"27","author":"Nan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539512466427","article-title":"Enhancing risk communication for more effective epidemic control in Taiwan","volume":"26","author":"Ou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyr035","article-title":"Compliance with recommendations for pandemic influenza H1N1 2009: The role of trust and personal beliefs","volume":"26","author":"Prati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2010.12.026","article-title":"Understanding responses to government health recommendations: Public perceptions of government advice for managing the H1N1 (swine flu) influenza pandemic","volume":"85","author":"Teasdale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.1037289","article-title":"The impact of epidemics of vaccine-preventable disease on vaccine uptake: Lessons from the 2011\u20132012 US pertussis epidemic","volume":"14","author":"Wolf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010321128990","article-title":"Pneumococcal Immunizations at Flu Clinics: The Impact of CommunityampHyphen; Wide Outreach","volume":"26","author":"Shenson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2015.1062976","article-title":"Effects of framing health messages in terms of benefits to loved ones or others: An experimental study","volume":"31","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12310","article-title":"Using efficacy cues in persuasive health communication is more effective than employing threats\u2013An experimental study of a vaccination intervention against Ebola","volume":"23","author":"Ort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cym089","article-title":"Applying cognitive response testing in message development and pre-testing","volume":"23","author":"Lapka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2014.986139","article-title":"Evident or doubtful? How lexical hints in written information influence laypersons\u2019 understanding of influenza","volume":"20","author":"Jucks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023580","article-title":"Using the Health Action Process Approach and implementation intentions to increase flu vaccine uptake in high risk Thai individuals: A controlled before-after trial","volume":"30","author":"Payaprom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.09.009","article-title":"Using text messages to improve patient\u2013doctor communication among racial and ethnic minority adults: An innovative solution to increase influenza vaccinations","volume":"69","author":"Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.05.025","article-title":"Increasing the intent to receive a pandemic influenza vaccination: Testing the impact of theory-based messages","volume":"89","author":"Godinho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2018.1461961","article-title":"Communication of scientific uncertainty about a novel pandemic health threat: Ambiguity aversion and its mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reading about the flu online: How health-protective behavioral intentions are influenced by media multitasking, polychronicity, and strength of health-related arguments","volume":"32","author":"Kononova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.05.006","article-title":"Communicating to increase public uptake of pandemic flu vaccination in the UK: Which messages work?","volume":"34","author":"Mowbray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-9-67","article-title":"Communication about environmental health risks: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Yost","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2010.01.013","article-title":"New interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates in health care workers","volume":"38","author":"Costas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.05.003","article-title":"Effects of a multi-faceted program to increase influenza vaccine uptake among health care workers in nursing homes: A cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Verheij","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/00019514-200701000-00007","article-title":"The Rate of Influenza Immunization to People Aged 65 Years and Older Was Increased From 45% to 70% by a Primary Health Care\u2013based Multiprofessional Approach","volume":"16","author":"Malmvall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Manag. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/19.4.383","article-title":"Promoting influenza vaccination of elderly patients in primary care","volume":"19","author":"Humair","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500500093407","article-title":"Effects of presenting the baseline risk when communicating absolute and relative risk reductions","volume":"10","author":"Natter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"British Psychological Society (2020). Delivering Effective Public Health Campaigns during COVID-19, BPS."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"370","article-title":"The rush to create a covid-19 vaccine may do more harm than good","volume":"370","author":"Torreele","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Behavioural Considerations for Acceptance and Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccines: Who Technical Advisory Group on Behavioural Insights and Sciences for Health, WHO."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Public Health England (2020). COVID-19 Vaccination: A Guide for Women of Childbearing Age, Pregnant, Planning a Pregnancy or Breastfeeding, PHE."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). Communicating Risk in Public Health Emergencies: A WHO Guideline for Emergency Risk Communication (ERC) Policy and Practice, WHO."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167209335166","article-title":"From willingness to intention: Experience moderates the shift from reactive to reasoned behavior","volume":"35","author":"Pomery","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1348\/014466601164939","article-title":"Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review","volume":"40","author":"Armitage","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12265","article-title":"The intention\u2013behavior gap","volume":"10","author":"Sheeran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Personal Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, P., Rauber, D., Betsch, C., Lidolt, G., and Denker, M.-L. (2017). Barriers of influenza vaccination intention and behavior\u2013a systematic review of influenza vaccine hesitancy, 2005\u20132016. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170550"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/14768320500183368","article-title":"Moderators of the intention\u2013behavior relationship in influenza vaccinations: Intention stability and unforeseen barriers","volume":"20","author":"DiBonaventura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/2\/72\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:13:05Z","timestamp":1760159585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/2\/72"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines9020072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9020072","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]}}}