{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:19:52Z","timestamp":1790623192222,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MAbImprove","award":["ANR-10-LABX -53-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX -53-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratorytract infections (RTIs) are frequent and life-threatening diseases, accounting for several millions of deaths worldwide. RTIs implicate microorganisms, including viruses (influenza virus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)), bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis) and fungi (Pneumocystis spp., Aspergillus spp. and very occasionally Candida spp.). The emergence of new pathogens, like the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and the substantial increase in drug resistance have highlighted the critical necessity to develop novel anti-infective molecules. In this context, antibodies (Abs) are becoming increasingly important in respiratory medicine and may fulfill the unmet medical needs of RTIs. However, development of Abs for treating infectious diseases is less advanced than for cancer and inflammatory diseases. Currently, only three Abs have been marketed for RTIs, namely, against pulmonary anthrax and RSV infection, while several clinical and preclinical studies are in progress. This article gives an overview of the advances in the use of Abs for the treatment of RTIs, based on the analysis of clinical studies in this field. It describes the Ab structure, function and pharmacokinetics, and discusses the opportunities offered by the various Ab formats, Ab engineering and co-treatment strategies. Including the most recent literature, it finally highlights the strengths, weaknesses and likely future trends of a novel anti-RTI Ab armamentarium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T05:54:49Z","timestamp":1613282089000},"page":"151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Therapeutic Antibodies for the Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections\u2014Current Overview and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5700-6196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexie","family":"Mayor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Centre d\u2019Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Medecine, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ad\u00e9la\u00efde","family":"Chesnay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Centre d\u2019Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Medecine, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France"},{"name":"CHRU de Tours, Parasitologie\u2014Mycologie\u2014M\u00e9decine Tropicale, F-37044 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Desoubeaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Centre d\u2019Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Medecine, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France"},{"name":"CHRU de Tours, Parasitologie\u2014Mycologie\u2014M\u00e9decine Tropicale, F-37044 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ternant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medecine, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France"},{"name":"CHRU de Tours, Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale, P\u00f4le Biologie M\u00e9dicale, F-37044 Tours, France"},{"name":"CHRU de Tours, Centre Pilote de suivi Biologique des Traitements par Anticorps (CePiBAc), F-37044 Tours, France"},{"name":"EA 7501 GICC\u2014PATCH, F-37032 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4929-5068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Heuz\u00e9-Vourc\u2019h","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Centre d\u2019Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Medecine, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"S\u00e9cher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Centre d\u2019Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Medecine, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Foundation, W.L. (2010). Acute Respiratory Infections Atlas, World Lung Foundation."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201312-420PS","article-title":"Lung disease in a global context. A call for public health action","volume":"11","author":"Schluger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182005389","article-title":"The remaining challenge of pneumonia: The leading killer of children","volume":"30","author":"Dagan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-15: An updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-017-0019-3","article-title":"Antibody therapies for the prevention and treatment of viral infections","volume":"2","author":"Salazar","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02700","article-title":"Combination of Antibodies and Antibiotics as a Promising Strategy against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens of the Respiratory Tract","volume":"9","author":"Domenech","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1008","article-title":"[Monoclonal antibodies in infectious diseases: New partners in the therapeutic arsenal]","volume":"35","author":"Desoubeaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2016.1196521","article-title":"Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for respiratory diseases: Current challenges and perspectives, March 31\u2014April 1, 2016, Tours, France","volume":"8","author":"Desoubeaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"mAbs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.25300","article-title":"Therapeutic antibodies and infectious diseases, Tours, France, November 20\u201322, 2012","volume":"5","author":"Desoubeaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"mAbs"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1922.02640050005003","article-title":"Clinical and Bacteriologic Study of One Thousand Cases of Lobar Pneumonia with Special Reference to the Therapeutic Value of Pneumococcus Antibody Solution: Preliminary Report","volume":"79","author":"Cecil","year":"1922","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.07.005","article-title":"Antiviral Monoclonal Antibodies: Can They Be More Than Simple Neutralizing Agents?","volume":"23","author":"Pelegrin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16256-y","article-title":"A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/256495a0","article-title":"Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity","volume":"256","author":"Kohler","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.05.003","article-title":"Therapeutic antibodies: A new era in the treatment of respiratory diseases?","volume":"189","author":"Secher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20216","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909775106","article-title":"Precise determination of the diversity of a combinatorial antibody library gives insight into the human immunoglobulin repertoire","volume":"106","author":"Glanville","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(91)90498-U","article-title":"By-passing immunization. Human antibodies from V-gene libraries displayed on phage","volume":"222","author":"Marks","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AID-0026-2014","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.AID-0026-2014","article-title":"History and Practice: Antibodies in Infectious Diseases","volume":"3","author":"Hey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1837","article-title":"Potent antibody therapeutics by design","volume":"6","author":"Carter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.03.255","article-title":"Molecular properties of human IgG subclasses and their implications for designing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against infectious diseases","volume":"67","author":"Irani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-020-00874-2","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Variability of Therapeutic Antibodies in Humans: A Comprehensive Review of Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling Publications","volume":"59","author":"Bensalem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-16","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02140-15","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Attachment Glycoprotein Contribution to Infection Depends on the Specific Fusion Protein","volume":"90","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12137-1","article-title":"A potent broadly neutralizing human RSV antibody targets conserved site IV of the fusion glycoprotein","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis (2006). Diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics, 118, 1774\u20131793.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2223"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60206-1","article-title":"Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"375","author":"Nair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001916","article-title":"Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of MEDI8897, an Extended Half-life Single-dose Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F-targeting Monoclonal Antibody Administered as a Single Dose to Healthy Preterm Infants","volume":"37","author":"Domachowske","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S424","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy210.1215","article-title":"RSV Monoclonal Antibody (MK-1654) Phase 1 Pharmacokinetics (PK) in Healthy Adults and Population PK Modeling to Support Pediatric Development","volume":"5","author":"Maas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.03.030","article-title":"Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"126","author":"Fortes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E27","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26847","article-title":"The PD-1 and PD-L1 pathway in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis","volume":"128","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0059","article-title":"Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Activity of a Novel Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Avelumab (MSB0010718C) on Human Tumor Cells","volume":"3","author":"Boyerinas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0603-3","article-title":"Safety and clinical activity of PD-L1 blockade in patients with aggressive recurrent respiratory papillomatosis","volume":"7","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13954","article-title":"PD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance","volume":"515","author":"Tumeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, October 30). Global Influenza Strategy 2019\u20132030. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/influenza\/global_influenza_strategy_2019_2030\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.04.010","article-title":"Improving influenza vaccines: Challenges to effective implementation","volume":"53","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"33","article-title":"Next-generation direct-acting influenza therapeutics","volume":"220","author":"Toots","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Res. J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.02.021","article-title":"Safety and Upper Respiratory Pharmacokinetics of the Hemagglutinin Stalk-Binding Antibody VIS410 Support Treatment and Prophylaxis Based on Population Modeling of Seasonal Influenza A Outbreaks","volume":"5","author":"Wollacott","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.12.051","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibody VIS410 in adults with uncomplicated influenza A infection: Results from a randomized, double-blind, phase-2, placebo-controlled study","volume":"40","author":"Hershberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.104562","article-title":"New antibody-based prevention and treatment options for influenza","volume":"170","author":"Sedeyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Oldach, D., Narayan, K., Schaefers, K., Sloan, S., Smith, P., Bliss, R., Arbrough, J., and Shriver, Z. (2019). A global, randomised, dou-ble-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating safety and efficacy of vis410 in combination with oseltamivir versus oselta-mivir alone in hospitalized adults with influenza a requiring oxygen. Option X for the Control of Influenza, International Society for Influenza and other Respiratory Virus Diseases (ISIRV)."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0317-2","article-title":"Macrophages: A Trojan horse in COVID-19?","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01626","article-title":"Overview: Systemic Inflammatory Response Derived from Lung Injury Caused by SARS-CoV-2 Infection Explains Severe Outcomes in COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Polidoro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sariol, A., and Perlman, S. (2020). Lessons for COVID-19 Immunity from Other Coronavirus Infections. Immunity.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.07.005"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026","article-title":"Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19","volume":"181","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lega, S., Naviglio, S., Volpi, S., and Tommasini, A. (2020). Recent Insight into SARS-CoV2 Immunopathology and Rationale for Potential Treatment and Preventive Strategies in COVID-19. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020224"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poduri, R., Joshi, G., and Jagadeesh, G. (2020). Drugs targeting various stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle: Exploring promising drugs for the treatment of Covid-19. Cell. Signal.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109721"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30173-9","article-title":"Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Guarali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gritti, G., Raimondi, F., Ripamonti, D., Riva, I., Landi, F., Alborghetti, L., Frigeni, M., Damiani, M., Mic\u00f2, C., and Fagiuoli, S. (2020). IL-6 signalling pathway inactivation with siltuximab in patients with COVID-19 respiratory failure: An observational cohort study. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.01.20048561"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2021, January 12). Emergency Use Authorization, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/emergency-preparedness-and-response\/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework\/emergency-use-authorization#covid19euas."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Baron, S. (1996). Infections of the respiratory system. Medical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Gavelston. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"GBD Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators (2018). Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect. Dis., 18, 1191\u20131210."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-016-0012-z","article-title":"The definition and classification of pneumonia","volume":"8","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pneumonia"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61114-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"374","author":"Opal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Hendricks, K., Vieira, A.R., and Marston, C.K. (2020, October 30). Anthrax, Available online: https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.2741\/3544","article-title":"Pathophysiology of anthrax","volume":"14","author":"Frankel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0202-114","article-title":"Antibodies for defense against biological attack","volume":"20","author":"Casadevall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810603","article-title":"Raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational anthrax","volume":"361","author":"Migone","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5796","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01102-16","article-title":"Obiltoxaximab Prevents Disseminated Bacillus anthracis Infection and Improves Survival during Pre- and Postexposure Prophylaxis in Animal Models of Inhalational Anthrax","volume":"60","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.410","article-title":"Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Immunogenicity of Obiltoxaximab After Intramuscular Administration to Healthy Humans","volume":"7","author":"Nagy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Dev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.12.45","article-title":"Management and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens","volume":"6","author":"Grgurich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"121","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Pore-Forming Toxins","volume":"409","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.27","article-title":"Leukocidins: Staphylococcal bi-component pore-forming toxins find their receptors","volume":"15","author":"Spaan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diep, B.A., Hilliard, J.J., Le, V.T., Tkaczyk, C., Le, H.N., Tran, V.G., Rao, R.L., Dip, E.C., Pereira-Franchi, E.P., and Cha, P. (2017). Targeting Alpha Toxin To Mitigate Its Lethal Toxicity in Ferret and Rabbit Models of Staphylococcus aureus Necrotizing Pneumonia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 61.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02456-16"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4526","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00510-15","article-title":"MEDI4893* Promotes Survival and Extends the Antibiotic Treatment Window in a Staphylococcus aureus Immunocompromised Pneumonia Model","volume":"59","author":"Hua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03918-14","article-title":"Anti-alpha-toxin monoclonal antibody and antibiotic combination therapy improves disease outcome and accelerates healing in a Staphylococcus aureus dermonecrosis model","volume":"59","author":"Hilliard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois, B., Sanchez, M.G., Eggimann, P., Dequin, P., Laterre, P., Huberlant, V., Escudero, D., Boulain, T., Bretonniere, C., and Pugin, J. (2019, January 17\u201322). Suvratoxumab Reduces Staphylococcus Aureus Pneumonia in High-Risk ICU Patients: Results of the SAATELLITE Study. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_MeetingAbstracts.A7358"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Newswire, P. (2021, February 13). Presents Positive Phase 2a Safety and Efficacy Data of Salvecin\u2122 (AR-301) in Patients with Severe Pneumonia Caused by Staphylococcus aureus During the 2017 ASM Microbe Congress. Available online: https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200408-1044SO","article-title":"Pathogen-host interactions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia","volume":"171","author":"Sadikot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2156-1","article-title":"Assessment of panobacumab as adjunctive immunotherapy for the treatment of nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia","volume":"33","author":"Que","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2007.09.010","article-title":"Role of polysaccharides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development","volume":"10","author":"Ryder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.08.007","article-title":"Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"2","author":"Greenberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.11.024","article-title":"Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis successfully treated with benralizumab","volume":"7","author":"Soeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Khan, A., Yu, X.Q., Fran\u00e7ois, B., Eggimann, P., Huberlant, V., Dequin, P.F., Valia, J.C., Ali, S.O., Jensen, K., and Colbert, S. (2018, January 21\u201324). Interim pharmacokinetic analysis from the SAATELLITE Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Suvratoxumab (MEDI4893), an extended half-life monoclonal antibody against Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin. Proceedings of the 28th ECCMID, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffin, M.P., Khan, A.A., Esser, M.T., Jensen, K., Takas, T., Kankam, M.K., Villafana, T., and Dubovsky, F. (2017). Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of MEDI8897, the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F-Targeting Monoclonal Antibody with an Extended Half-Life, in Healthy Adults. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 61.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01714-16"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-018-0680-3","article-title":"Influence of Antigen Mass on the Pharmacokinetics of Therapeutic Antibodies in Humans","volume":"58","author":"Ternant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06446-11","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of palivizumab, a humanized anti-respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, in adults and children","volume":"56","author":"Robbie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1038\/psp.2013.14","article-title":"Basic concepts in population modeling, simulation, and model-based drug development-part 2: Introduction to pharmacokinetic modeling methods","volume":"2","author":"Mould","year":"2013","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacomet. Syst. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, J. (2016). Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations, Wellcome Trust UK Department of Health."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07942.x","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus leucocidin ED contributes to systemic infection by targeting neutrophils and promoting bacterial growth in vivo","volume":"83","author":"Alonzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2015.07.014","article-title":"Antibacterial monoclonal antibodies: The next generation?","volume":"27","author":"DiGiandomenico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2017.03.011","article-title":"Very-large-scale production of antibodies in plants: The biologization of manufacturing","volume":"35","author":"Buyel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.178061","article-title":"Therapeutic antibodies for infectious diseases","volume":"95","author":"Sparrow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00897-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00897-19","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of ceftazidime-avibactam for treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia and pneumonia","volume":"63","author":"Simon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.04.005","article-title":"In a murine model of acute lung infection, airway administration of a therapeutic antibody confers greater protection than parenteral administration","volume":"303","author":"Secher","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/2\/151\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:23:51Z","timestamp":1760160231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/2\/151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines9020151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9020151","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]}}}