{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:31:22Z","timestamp":1785198682299,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000848","name":"University of Edinburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010754","name":"Zhejiang Gongshang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\u2014misinformation and mistrust often undermines community vaccine uptake, yet information in rural communities, especially of developing countries, is scarce. This study aimed to identify major challenges associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine clinical trials among healthcare workers and staff in Uganda. Methods\u2014a rapid exploratory survey was conducted over 5 weeks among 260 respondents (66% male) from healthcare centers across the country using an online questionnaire. Twenty-seven questions assessed knowledge, confidence, and trust scores on COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials from participants in 46 districts in Uganda. Results\u2014we found low levels of knowledge (i.e., confusing COVID-19 with Ebola) with males being more informed than females (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.7\u20133.0), and mistrust associated with policy decisions to promote herbal treatments in Uganda and the rushed international clinical trials, highlighting challenges for the upcoming Oxford\u2013AstraZeneca vaccinations. Knowledge, confidence and trust scores were higher among the least educated (certificate vs. bachelor degree holders). We also found a high level of skepticism and possible community resistance to DNA recombinant vaccines, such as the Oxford\u2013AstraZeneca vaccine. Preference for herbal treatments (38\/260; 14.6%, 95% CI: 10.7\u201319.3) currently being promoted by the Ugandan government raises major policy concerns. High fear and mistrust for COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials was more common among wealthier participants and more affluent regions of the country. Conclusion\u2014our study found that knowledge, confidence, and trust in COVID-19 vaccines was low among healthcare workers in Uganda, especially those with higher wealth and educational status. There is a need to increase transparency and inclusive participation to address these issues before new trials of COVID-19 vaccines are initiated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9030253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T02:51:48Z","timestamp":1615776708000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Descriptive-Multivariate Analysis of Community Knowledge, Confidence, and Trust in COVID-19 Clinical Trials among Healthcare Workers in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5763-7964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keneth Iceland","family":"Kasozi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Kabale University, P.O. Box 317 Kabale, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7626-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Laudisoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Ave, Suite 1201, New York, NY 10018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence Obado","family":"Osuwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Soroti University, P.O. Box 211 Soroti, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaber El-Saber","family":"Batiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naif E.","family":"Al Omairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Aigbogun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O. Box 71 Bushenyi, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert Izo","family":"Ninsiima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Kabale University, P.O. Box 317 Kabale, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6624-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibe Michael","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O. Box 71 Bushenyi, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5348-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M.","family":"DeTora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Writing Studies and Rhetoric, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewan Thomas","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halima","family":"Nalugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410 Mbarara, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6893-5916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis P.","family":"Crawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Good Clinical Practice Alliance-Europe and Strategic Initiative for Developing Capacity in Ethical Review, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6448-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara E.","family":"Bierer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Chans","family":"Mwandah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Muni University, P.O. Box 725 Arua, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3160-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles Drago","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenedy","family":"Kiyimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health sciences, Busitema University, P.O. Box 206 Mbale, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Tiyo","family":"Ayikobua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Soroti University, P.O. Box 211 Soroti, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-193X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Lillian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda National Health Laboratory Services, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272 Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Matama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O. Box 71 Bushenyi, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shui Ching","family":"Nelly Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Onanyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166 Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-7743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theophilus","family":"Pius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O. Box 71 Bushenyi, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Paul","family":"Nalumenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2053-1696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robinson","family":"Ssebuufu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O. Box 71 Bushenyi, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina Olivia","family":"Rugambwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Library and Information Science, Faculty of Computing, Library and Information Science, P.O. Box 317 Kabale, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace Henry","family":"Musoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Cavendish University, P.O. Box 33145 Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Bardosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for One Health Research, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juma John","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O. Box 71 Bushenyi, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2679-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fred","family":"Ssempijja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O. Box 71 Bushenyi, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1849-7185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Kyamanywa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O. Box 71 Bushenyi, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Tumwine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid J.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan Christina","family":"Welburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK"},{"name":"Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining 314400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.06.013","article-title":"Barriers to clinical research in Africa: A quantitative and qualitative survey of clinical researchers in 27 African countries","volume":"121","author":"Conradie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. 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World Bioeth."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2020.04.032","article-title":"When fear and misinformation go viral: Pharmacists\u2019 role in deterring medication misinformation during the \u2019infodemic\u2019 surrounding COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Erku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/dewb.12215","article-title":"Considerations for community engage-ment when conducting clinical trials during infectious disease emergencies in West Africa","volume":"19","author":"Folayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. 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Med."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/3\/253\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:34:55Z","timestamp":1760160895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/3\/253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines9030253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9030253","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]}}}