{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:02:35Z","timestamp":1787979755821,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009882","name":"Regione Lombardia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["229472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["229472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"iNEXT","award":["5912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5912"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human parasitic disease Schistosomiasis is caused by the Schistosoma trematode flatworm that infects freshwaters in tropical regions of the world, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, South America, and the Far-East. It has also been observed as an emerging disease in Europe, due to increased immigration. In addition to improved therapeutic strategies, it is imperative to develop novel, rapid, and sensitive diagnostic tests that can detect the Schistosoma parasite, allowing timely treatment. Present diagnosis is difficult and involves microscopy-based detection of Schistosoma eggs in the feces. In this context, we present the 3.22 \u00c5 resolution crystal structure of the circulating antigen Serine protease inhibitor from S. mansoni (SmSPI), and we describe it as a potential serodiagnostic marker. Moreover, we identify three potential immunoreactive epitopes using in silico-based epitope mapping methods. Here, we confirm effective immune sera reactivity of the recombinant antigen, suggesting the further investigation of the protein and\/or its predicted epitopes as serodiagnostic Schistosomiasis biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T10:44:01Z","timestamp":1617273841000},"page":"322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Structure, Immunoreactivity, and In Silico Epitope Determination of SmSPI S. mansoni Serpin for Immunodiagnostic Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7787-9645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"De Benedetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Di Pisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6282-4273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico Mario Alessandro","family":"Fassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d (SCITEC), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8251-5275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Cretich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d (SCITEC), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Music\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d (SCITEC), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Frigerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d (SCITEC), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mussida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d (SCITEC), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9887-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Bombaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Padiglione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Grifantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Padiglione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit\u00e0 di Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9253-5170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martino","family":"Bolognesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Ricerca Pediatrica Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romualdo","family":"Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze ASST FBF Sacco, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Zanchetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze ASST FBF Sacco, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rita","family":"Gismondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze ASST FBF Sacco, 20157 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergency Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Mileto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze ASST FBF Sacco, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mancon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze ASST FBF Sacco, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6369-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise Jane","family":"Gourlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"184","article-title":"Theodor Bilharz (1825\u20131862): Discoverer of schistosomiasis","volume":"48","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Singap. 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