{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:57:24Z","timestamp":1777424244935,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1A6A1A03025124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A6A1A03025124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republish of Korea","award":["HV20C0085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV20C0085"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republish of Korea","award":["HV20C0142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV20C0142"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Passive immunity can provide immediate protection against infectious pathogens. To date, only a few studies have investigated the effect of passive immunization against Toxoplasma gondii, and the use of immune sera acquired from VLP-vaccinated mice for passive immunity assessment remains unreported. In this study, immune sera were produced by a single immunization with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing the inner membrane complex (IMC), rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18), and microneme protein 8 (MIC8) of Toxoplasma gondii, with or without a CpG-ODN adjuvant. The passive immunization of immune sera conferred protection in mice, as indicated by their potent parasite-specific antibody response, lessened brain cyst counts, lower bodyweight loss, and enhanced survival. In order to confirm that the immune sera of the VLP-immunized mice were truly protective, the antibody responses and other immunological parameters were measured in the VLP-immunized mice. We found that VLP immunization induced higher levels of parasite-specific IgG, IgG subclass, and IgM antibody responses in the sera and intestines than in the controls. Enhanced Th1 and Th2-associated cytokines in the spleen, diminished brain cyst counts, and lessened body weight loss were found following T. gondii ME49 challenge infection. These results suggest that passive immunization with the immune sera acquired from VLP-vaccinated mice can confer adequate protection against T. gondii infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T02:12:57Z","timestamp":1619316777000},"page":"425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Passive Immunity and Antibody Response Induced by Toxoplasma gondii VLP Immunization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hae-Ji","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ki-Back","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su-Hwa","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1121-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Kyung","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0419-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu-Shi","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/15.2.211","article-title":"Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS","volume":"15","author":"Luft","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. 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