{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:59:50Z","timestamp":1760234390979,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Twenty individuals (17 females, 3 males, aged 31\u201365 years (range), median: 46) who received both doses of the BioNTech Pfizer mRNA vaccine were examined (11 to 31 days, median: 25) after the second dose for the presence of antibodies against peptides of SARS-COV-2 and some of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV1, HCov229E, and HCoVNL63. Clinical evaluation revealed that six people had COVID-19 in the past. We found that: (i) Six people claimed the presence of unwanted effects of vaccination, which were more frequent in those with a history of COVID-19 (4 out of 6 vs. 2 out of 14, p = 0.037); (ii) All individuals independent of the past history of COVID-19 responded equally well in IgG but those who experienced the disease tended to do better in IgA class (729.04 vs. 529.78 U\/mL, p = 0.079); (iii) All those who had experienced the disease had IgG antibodies against nucleocapsid antigens but also 5 out of 14 who had not had the disease (6\/6 vs. 5\/14, p = 0.014); (iv) Anti S2 antibodies were present in the patients having COVID-19 in the past but also were found in those who had not had the disease (6\/6 vs. 8\/14, p = 0.144); (v) All vaccinated people were highly positive in the IGRA and the level of released IFN gamma was correlated with the numbers of HLADR positive lymphocytes in the blood (R = 0.5766, p = 0.008).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T04:05:32Z","timestamp":1620705932000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Immune Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Lange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Borowik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Silesian Center for Cellular Transplantation with National Bone Marrow Donor Registry, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Boche\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Silesian Center for Cellular Transplantation with National Bone Marrow Donor Registry, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Rossowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4894-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Jasku\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Lower Silesian Center for Cellular Transplantation with National Bone Marrow Donor Registry, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-00720-9","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccines: Where we stand and challenges ahead","volume":"28","author":"Forni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2019.100766","article-title":"Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development","volume":"28","author":"Verbeke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1663","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccines: Comparison of biological, pharmacological characteristics and adverse effects of pfizer\/BioNTech and moderna vaccines","volume":"25","author":"Meo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2021, April 01). Science Brief: Background Rationale and Evidence for Public Health Recommendations for Fully Vaccinated People, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/science\/science-briefs\/fully-vaccinated-people.html."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angyal, A., Longet, S., Moore, S., Payne, R.P., Harding, A., Tipton, T., Rongkard, P., Ali, M., Hering, L.M., and Meardon, N. (2021). T-Cell and Antibody Responses to First BNT162b2 Vaccine Dose in Previously SARS-COV-2-Infected and Infection-Naive UK Healthcare Workers: A Multicentre, Prospective, Observational Cohort Study. SSRN Electron. J., preprint.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3820576"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2021, April 01). Estimated Disease Burden of COVID-19|CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/cases-updates\/burden.html."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd2223","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd2223","article-title":"IgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-COV-2","volume":"13","author":"Sterlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20095-2","article-title":"Analysis of SARS-COV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent blood using a coronavirus antigen microarray","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100092","article-title":"Robust T Cell Response Toward Spike, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid SARS-COV-2 Proteins Is Not Associated with Recovery in Critical COVID-19 Patients","volume":"1","author":"Thieme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/5\/488\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:59:01Z","timestamp":1760162341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/5\/488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines9050488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9050488","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-393X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]}}}