{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:38:22Z","timestamp":1790642302527,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sealy and Smith Foundation","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Flavivirus genus contains many important human pathogens, including dengue, Japanese encephalitis (JE), tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), West Nile (WN), yellow fever (YF) and Zika (ZIK) viruses. While there are effective vaccines for a few flavivirus diseases (JE, TBE and YF), the majority do not have vaccines, including WN and ZIK. The flavivirus nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein has an unusual structure\u2013function because it is glycosylated and forms different structures to facilitate different roles intracellularly and extracellularly, including roles in the replication complex, assisting in virus assembly, and complement antagonism. It also plays a role in protective immunity through antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity, and anti-NS1 antibodies elicit passive protection in animal models against a virus challenge. Historically, NS1 has been used as a diagnostic marker for the flavivirus infection due to its complement fixing properties and specificity. Its role in disease pathogenesis, and the strong humoral immune response resulting from infection, makes NS1 an excellent target for inclusion in candidate flavivirus vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T04:22:22Z","timestamp":1623212542000},"page":"622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Flavivirus NS1 and Its Potential in Vaccine Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kassandra L.","family":"Carpio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3740-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan D. T.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.73-83.1998","article-title":"Phylogeny of the Genus Flavivirus","volume":"72","author":"Kuno","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.3.480","article-title":"Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"11","author":"Gubler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. 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