{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T14:11:51Z","timestamp":1768313511710,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary antibody deficiencies (PADs) are the most common primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). They can be divided into the following groups, depending on their immunological features: agammaglobulinemia; common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) isotype; hyper IgM isotype; light chain or functional deficiencies with normal B cell count; specific antibody deficiency with normal Ig concentrations and normal numbers of B cells and transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy. The role of vaccination in PADs is recognized as therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic and may be used in patients with residual B-cell function to provide humoral immunity to specific infective agents. According to their content and mechanisms, vaccines are grouped as live attenuated, inactivated (conjugated, polysaccharide), mRNA or replication-deficient vector vaccines. Vaccination may be unsafe or less effective when using certain vaccines and in specific types of immunodeficiency. Inactivated vaccines can be administered in PAD patients even if they could not generate a protective response; live attenuated vaccines are not recommended in major antibody deficiencies. From December 2020, European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved vaccines against COVID-19 infection: according to ESID advises, those vaccinations are recommended in patients with PADs. No specific data are available on safety and efficacy in PAD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1623248164000},"page":"626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Vaccination in PADs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2581-9250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Milito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5286-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Soccodato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Collalti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Lanciarotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Internal Medicine I, Ca\u2019 Foncello Hospital, 10103 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Bertozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Internal Medicine I, Ca\u2019 Foncello Hospital, 10103 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Rattazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Internal Medicine I, Ca\u2019 Foncello Hospital, 10103 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Scarpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Internal Medicine I, Ca\u2019 Foncello Hospital, 10103 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cinetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Internal Medicine I, Ca\u2019 Foncello Hospital, 10103 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.2217\/IMT.15.74","article-title":"Vaccination in patients with primary immune deficiency, secondary immune deficiency and autoimmunity with immune regulatory abnormalities","volume":"7","author":"Eibl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-019-00737-x","article-title":"2019 Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee","volume":"40","author":"Tangye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3466","article-title":"Primary antibody deficiencies","volume":"13","author":"Durandy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-017-0749-3","article-title":"Influenza Vaccination in Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)","volume":"17","author":"Mieves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-007-9075-1","article-title":"Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network. Long-term follow-up and outcome of a large cohort of patients with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"27","author":"Quinti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.10.048","article-title":"The loss of IgM memory B cells correlates with clinical disease in common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"115","author":"Carsetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.09.012","article-title":"Vaccination in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders","volume":"4","author":"Sobh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2007.04.011","article-title":"Active vaccination in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)","volume":"124","author":"Goldacker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.01.061","article-title":"Wiith Italian Network for Primary Immunodeficiencies (IPINET). Vaccination in immunocompromised host: Recommendations of Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network Centers (IPINET)","volume":"36","author":"Martire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2020.03.004","article-title":"Vaccines in Patients with Primary Immune Deficiency","volume":"40","author":"Bonilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.002","article-title":"Use and interpretation of diagnostic vaccination in primary immunodeficiency: A working group report of the Basic and Clinical Immunology Interest Section of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology","volume":"130","author":"Orange","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2015.07.003","article-title":"Specific Antibody Deficiencies","volume":"35","author":"Wall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-017-0406-6","article-title":"The Use of Salmonella Typhim Vaccine to Diagnose Antibody Deficiency","volume":"37","author":"Verbsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2016.05.006","article-title":"EMPATHY group. Multicenter study for the evaluation of the antibody response against salmonella typhi Vi vaccination (EMPATHY) for the diagnosis of Anti-polysaccharide antibody production deficiency in patients with primary immunodeficiency","volume":"169","author":"Molina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00654","article-title":"Measurement of Typhim Vi IgG as a Diagnostic Tool to Determine Anti-polysaccharide Antibody Production Deficiency in Children","volume":"10","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-012-9856-z","article-title":"Quantification of IgM and IgA anti-pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides by a new ELISA assay: A valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool for common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"33","author":"Cavaliere","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-011-9511-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of immunoglobulin replacement therapy on clinical outcome in patients with primary antibody deficiencies: Results from a multicenter perspective cohort study","volume":"31","author":"Quinti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01283","article-title":"IGA Antibody Induced by Immunization with Pneumococcal Polysaccharides Is a Prognostic Tool in Common Variable Immune Deficiencies","volume":"24","author":"Pulvirenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"General recommendations on immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"55","author":"Kroger","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.11.043","article-title":"Recommendations for live viral and bacterial vaccines in immunodeficient patients and their close contacts","volume":"133","author":"Shearer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16150-3","article-title":"Failure to clear persistent vaccine-derived neurovirulent poliovirus infection in an immunodeficient man","volume":"363","author":"MacLennan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2015.07.025","article-title":"International consensus document (ICON): Common variable immunodeficiency disorders","volume":"4","author":"Bonilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). CDC Yellow Book 2016: Health Information for International Travel."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit816","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host","volume":"58","author":"Rubin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.05.022","article-title":"Vaccine use in primary immunodeficiency disorders","volume":"32","author":"Principi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2013). Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women\u2014Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 62, 131\u2013135."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2012). Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper\u2014November 2012. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 87, 461\u2013476."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cinetto, F., Neri, R., Vianello, F., Visentin, A., Baril\u00e0, G., Gianese, S., Lanciarotta, A., Milito, C., Rattazzi, M., and Piazza, F. (2021). Subcutaneous immunoglobulins replacement therapy in secondary antibody deficiencies: Real life evidence as compared to primary antibody deficiencies. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247717"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2021, June 09). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical management of patients with primary immunodeficiencies during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Quinti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.09.010","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with inborn errors of immunity: An international study","volume":"147","author":"Meyts","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.04.003","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life in Common Variable Immunodeficiency Italian Patients Switched to Remote Assistance During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Pulvirenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2021, March 01). ESID COVID-12 Statement. Available online: www.ESID.org."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinoshita, H., Durkee-Shock, J., Jensen-Wachspress, M., Kankate, V.V., Lang, H., Lazarski, C.A., Keswani, A., Webber, K.C., Montgomery-Recht, K., and Walkiewicz, M. (2021). Robust Antibody and T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Antibody Deficiency. J. Clin. Immunol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01046-y"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"C4591001 Clinical Trial Group. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"3","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01179-4","article-title":"Phase 1\/2 trial of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 with a booster dose induces multifunctional antibody responses","volume":"27","author":"Barrett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines\u2014A new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, I., Louwen, F., Ayres-de-Campos, D., and Mahmood, T. (2021). EBCOG position statement on COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant andbreastfeeding women. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.05.021"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/6\/626\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:12:41Z","timestamp":1760163161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/6\/626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines9060626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9060626","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]}}}