{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:46:02Z","timestamp":1791333962517,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"Innovate UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G101404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G101404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We developed an influenza hemagglutinin (HA) pseudotype library encompassing Influenza A subtypes HA1-18 and Influenza B subtypes (both lineages) to be employed in influenza pseudotype microneutralization (pMN) assays. The pMN is highly sensitive and specific for detecting virus-specific neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses and can be used to assess antibody functionality in vitro. Here we show the production of these viral HA pseudotypes and their employment as substitutes for wildtype viruses in influenza neutralization assays. We demonstrate their utility in detecting serum responses to vaccination with the ability to evaluate cross-subtype neutralizing responses elicited by specific vaccinating antigens. Our findings may inform further preclinical studies involving immunization dosing regimens in mice and may help in the creation and selection of better antigens for vaccine design. These HA pseudotypes can be harnessed to meet strategic objectives that contribute to the strengthening of global influenza surveillance, expansion of seasonal influenza prevention and control policies, and strengthening pandemic preparedness and response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T04:18:21Z","timestamp":1625458701000},"page":"741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Exploiting Pan Influenza A and Pan Influenza B Pseudotype Libraries for Efficient Vaccine Antigen Selection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Joanne Marie M.","family":"Del Rosario","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK"},{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines"},{"name":"DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6352-3843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly A. S.","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1056-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Asbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4973-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK"},{"name":"Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurdip Singh","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica O.","family":"Ameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi P.M.B. 2373, Bene State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7842-7985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude T.","family":"Sabeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"},{"name":"OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley C.","family":"Banyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kinsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8290-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon D.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Heeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8875-0989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George W.","family":"Carnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7978-3815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nigel J.","family":"Temperton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK"},{"name":"DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.039","article-title":"The biology of influenza viruses","volume":"26","author":"Bouvier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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