{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T20:27:19Z","timestamp":1778963239995,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRANSVAC2 \u2013 730964 \u2013 INFRAIA \u2013 2016 - 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRANSVAC2 \u2013 730964 \u2013 INFRAIA \u2013 2016 - 1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the immune response and protection correlates against influenza virus (IV) infection in pigs vaccinated with the novel NG34 HA1 vaccine candidate adjuvanted with either CAF\u00ae01 or CDA\/\u03b1GalCerMPEG (\u03b1GCM). Two groups of six pigs each were vaccinated intramuscularly twice with either NG34 + CAF\u00ae01 or NG34 + CDA\/\u03b1GCM. As controls, groups of animals (n = 6 or 4) either non-vaccinated or vaccinated with human seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine or NG34 + Freund\u2019s adjuvant were included in the study. All animal groups were challenged with the 2009 pandemic (pdm09) strain of H1N1 (total amount of 7 \u00d7 106 TCID50\/mL) via intranasal and endotracheal routes 21 days after second vaccination. Reduced consolidated lung lesions were observed both on days three and seven post-challenge in the animals vaccinated with NG34 + CAF\u00ae01, whereas higher variability with relatively more severe lesions in pigs of the NG34 + CDA\/\u03b1GCM group on day three post-infection. Among groups, animals vaccinated with NG34 + CDA\/\u03b1GCM showed higher viral loads in the lung at seven days post infection whereas animals from NG34 + CAF\u00ae01 completely abolished virus from the lower respiratory tract. Similarly, higher IFN\u03b3 secretion and stronger IgG responses against the NG34 peptide in sera was observed in animals from the NG34 + CAF\u00ae01 group as compared to the NG34 + CDA\/\u03b1GCM. NG34-vaccinated pigs with adjuvanted CAF\u00ae01 or CDA\/\u03b1GCM combinations resulted in different immune responses as well as outcomes in pathology and viral shedding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T23:53:51Z","timestamp":1625615631000},"page":"751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Immune Responses to Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Pigs Vaccinated with a Conserved Hemagglutinin HA1 Peptide Adjuvanted with CAF\u00ae01 or CDA\/\u03b1GalCerMPEG"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0968-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergi","family":"L\u00f3pez-Serrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Cordoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"P\u00e9rez-Maillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Pleguezuelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edmond J.","family":"Remarque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Primate Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ebensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstra\u00dfe 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstra\u00dfe 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1539-7261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Segal\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterin\u00e0ria, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayub","family":"Darji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0115-z","article-title":"Host and Viral Determinants of Influenza A Virus Species Specificity","volume":"17","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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