{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:14:38Z","timestamp":1760235278725,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA21765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA21765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012524","name":"American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALSAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALSAC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012524","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Infection Defense Center at St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital","award":["CIDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIDC"]}]},{"name":"Intramural Research Program of NHLBI, NIH","award":["NHLBI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHLBI"]}]},{"name":"Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics","award":["Novartis"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Novartis"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) suffer life-threatening transient aplastic crisis (TAC) when infected with parvovirus B19. In utero, infection of healthy fetuses may result in anemia, hydrops, and death. Unfortunately, although promising vaccine candidates exist, no product has yet been licensed. One barrier to vaccine development has been the lack of a cost-effective, standardized parvovirus B19 neutralization assay. To fill this void, we evaluated the unique region of VP1 (VP1u), which contains prominent targets of neutralizing antibodies. We discovered an antigenic cross-reactivity between VP1 and VP2 that, at first, thwarted the development of a surrogate neutralization assay. We overcame the cross-reactivity by designing a mutated VP1u (VP1uAT) fragment. A new VP1uAT ELISA yielded results well correlated with neutralization (Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficient = 0.581; p = 0.001), superior to results from a standard clinical diagnostic ELISA or an ELISA with virus-like particles. Virus-specific antibodies from children with TAC, measured by the VP1uAT and neutralization assays, but not other assays, gradually increased from days 0 to 120 post-hospitalization. We propose that this novel and technically simple VP1uAT ELISA might now serve as a surrogate for the neutralization assay to support rapid development of a parvovirus B19 vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T21:45:06Z","timestamp":1628113506000},"page":"860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Novel Surrogate Neutralizing Assay Supports Parvovirus B19 Vaccine Development for Children with Sickle Cell Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rhiannon R.","family":"Penkert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6994-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumana","family":"Chandramouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0671-6360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip R.","family":"Dormitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3021-4638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ethan C.","family":"Settembre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Sealy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7001-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neal S.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yilun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jola","family":"Dowdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3073-4115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randall T.","family":"Hayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4439-7321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane S.","family":"Hankins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia L.","family":"Hurwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00040-16","article-title":"Human Parvoviruses","volume":"30","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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