{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:21:25Z","timestamp":1760235685509,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present an extremely rare case of rubella that developed after rubella vaccine administration. A 54-year-old man complained of back and neck pain for some days. He presented with generalized rash and arthralgia that had persisted for two days before his visit. His vital signs were normal, and arthralgia had disappeared during an examination, but lymphadenopathy in the left posterior neck and pink papules were observed throughout the body. He had received his first Rubella vaccination 17 days before this visit and had attended a crowded festival. Owing to the rubella epidemic in that prefecture, we performed a rubella antibody test and polymerase chain reaction assay using blood, urine, and pharyngeal swab specimens. Rubella IgG and IgM antibody titers were 3 and 1.48, respectively. The pharyngeal swab yielded positive results for the 1a vaccine strain. Therefore, he was diagnosed with rubella due to rubella vaccination. His symptoms improved eventually. His clinical course was uncomplicated. Symptoms resolved within one week without specific treatment. The vaccine rubella strain is not as highly infectious as wild-type rubella strains. If rubella symptoms appear after vaccination, it must be investigated whether these are vaccine-specific adverse reactions, wild-strain rubella onset, or other eruptive viral infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9091040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:35:20Z","timestamp":1632263720000},"page":"1040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Case of Rubella Caused by Rubella Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Momoka","family":"Kamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, 2002-7 Iso, Hikami-cho, Tamba 669-3495, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3120-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuneaki","family":"Kenzaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, 2002-7 Iso, Hikami-cho, Tamba 669-3495, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Community Medicine and Career Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-5 Arata-cho, Hyogo-ku, Kobe 652-0032, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bennett, J.E., Dolin, R., and Blaser, M.J. (2019). Rubella Virus (German Measles). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Elsevier Limited. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"The Japanese Association for Infectious Disease (2017). The Basics and Practice of Infectious Disease. Text Book. Rubella, Nankodo. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Remington, J.S., Klein, J.O., Wilson, C.B., Nizet, V., and Maldonado, Y.A. (2011). Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, Elsevier Saunders. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2021, August 10). Urgent Information about the Rubella Epidemic, Available online: https:\/\/www.niid.go.jp\/niid\/ja\/rubella-m-111\/700-idsc\/8588-rubella-crs.html."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.02.034","article-title":"A Case of adult rubella in Japan","volume":"82","author":"Tago","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2021, August 10). Urgent Information about the Rubella Epidemic, Available online: https:\/\/www.niid.go.jp\/niid\/images\/epi\/rubella\/2020\/rubella200108.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimberlin, D.W., Barnett, E.D., Lynfield, R., and Sawyer, M.H. (2021). Red Book: 2021 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. [32nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1542\/9781610025225"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measles, Mumps, and Rubella\u2014Vaccine Use and Strategies for Elimination of Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome and Control of Mumps: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"47","author":"Watson","year":"1998","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2021, August 10). Urgent Information about the Rubella Epidemic, Available online: https:\/\/www.niid.go.jp\/niid\/\/images\/idsc\/disease\/rubella\/2019pdf\/rube19-34.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (2021, August 10). Report Status of Suspected Adverse Reactions of the Live Attenuated Raw Measles-Rubella Combination Vaccine (MR), Available online: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10601000\/000816288.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1765623","article-title":"Vaccine-associated Rubella\u2014A report of two cases and a review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Ong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases (2013). Trends by genotype of rubella virus and revision of laboratory diagnosis manual. Infect. Agents Surveill. Rep., 34, 99\u2013100. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"223","article-title":"One Point Memo \u201cRubella\u201d","volume":"59","author":"Kawashima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod. Media"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/9\/1040\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:01:51Z","timestamp":1760166111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/9\/1040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines9091040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9091040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-393X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]}}}