{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T18:31:04Z","timestamp":1774031464571,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":276,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria\u2014a parasite vector-borne disease\u2014is a global health problem, and Plasmodium falciparum has proven to be the deadliest among Plasmodium spp., which causes malaria in humans. Symptoms of the disease range from mild fever and shivering to hemolytic anemia and neurological dysfunctions. The spread of drug resistance and the absence of effective vaccines has made malaria disease an ever-emerging problem. Although progress has been made in understanding the host response to the parasite, various aspects of its biology in its mammalian host are still unclear. In this context, there is a pressing demand for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies, including new drugs and novel adjuvanted vaccines that elicit protective immunity. The present article provides an overview of the current knowledge of anti-malarial immunity against P. falciparum and different options of vaccine candidates in development. A special emphasis has been made on the mechanism of action of clinically used vaccine adjuvants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9101072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T23:08:31Z","timestamp":1632784111000},"page":"1072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2888-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinivasa Reddy","family":"Bonam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Th\u00e9rapeutique, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0349-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"R\u00e9nia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Tadepalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0498-9808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagadeesh","family":"Bayry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Th\u00e9rapeutique, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678623, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halmuthur Mahabalarao Sampath","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2014.02.002","article-title":"Drug repurposing and human parasitic protozoan diseases","volume":"4","author":"Andrews","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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