{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:30:06Z","timestamp":1778200206011,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI18958, R01 DK101323, and R01AI1451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI18958, R01 DK101323, and R01AI1451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotics are extensively used worldwide for the treatment of common infections by agents such as E. coli and Salmonella. They also represent the most common cause of alteration of the microbiota in people. We addressed whether broad-spectrum and Gram-negative-targeting antibiotics differentially regulate systemic and mucosal immune responses to vaccines. Antibiotics treatment enhances serum IgG1 responses in mice immunized systemically with a model polyvalent vaccine. This increase was not seen for other IgG subclasses and was dependent on the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens. The broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail also enhanced serum IgA responses. Interestingly, both the broad spectrum and the antibiotic targeting Gram-negative bacteria enhanced the number of IgA antibody secreting cells in the intestinal lamina propria. This effect was unlikely to be due to an increase in cells expressing gut-homing receptors (i.e., CCR9 and \u03b14\u03b27) in peripheral tissues. On the other hand, the microbiome in mice treated with antibiotics was characterized by an overall reduction of the number of firmicutes. Furthermore, Bacteroidetes were increased by either treatment, and Proteobacteria were increased by the broad-spectrum antibiotics cocktail. Thus, immunoglobulin isotype and subclass responses are differentially regulated by oral antibiotics treatment and the gut microbiota shapes mucosal antibody responses after systemic immunization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9111240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T21:42:05Z","timestamp":1635198125000},"page":"1240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Broad-Spectrum and Gram-Negative-Targeting Antibiotics Differentially Regulate Antibody Isotype Responses to Injected Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Aklilu F.","family":"Haile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Woodfint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4196-8280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunsoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marisa R.","family":"Joldrichsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nega","family":"Berhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wondwoossen A.","family":"Gebreyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Global One Health Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Infection Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prosper N.","family":"Boyaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Global One Health Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Infection Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Department Microbial Immunity and Infection, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Fernandes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0373-4","article-title":"The Gut Mycobiome of the Human Microbiome Project Healthy Cohort","volume":"5","author":"Nash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2015.07.008","article-title":"The human gut microbiota and virome: Potential therapeutic implications","volume":"47","author":"Scarpellini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. 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