{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:17:13Z","timestamp":1792819033984,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study estimates the cost-effectiveness of vaccination with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) among infants in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Chengdu, Karamay, Qingdao, and Suzhou. Methods: A previously published cost-effectiveness model comparing vaccination with PCV13 to no vaccination was localized to the included Chinese cities. A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify age-specific incidence rates for pneumococcal bacteremia, pneumococcal meningitis, pneumonia, and otitis media (AOM). Age-specific direct medical costs of treating the included pneumococcal diseases were taken from the Chinese Health Insurance Association database. The base case analysis evaluated vaccine efficacy using direct effect and indirect effects (DE+ IDE). A subsequent scenario analysis evaluated the model outcomes if only DE was considered. A vaccination rate of 70% was used. The model reported outcomes over a one-year period after it was assumed the vaccine effects had reached a steady state (5\u20137 years after vaccine introduction) to include the direct and indirect effects of vaccination. Health outcomes were discounted at 5% during the steady-state period. Results: Vaccination with PCV13 was cost-effective in the base case analysis for all included cities with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) ranging from 1145 CNY(Shenzhen) to 15,422 CNY (Qingdao) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. PCV13 was the dominant strategy in Shanghai with lower incremental costs and higher incremental QALYs. PCV13 remained cost-effective in the DE-only analysis with all ICERs falling below a cost-effectiveness threshold of three times GDP per capita in each city. Conclusions: Vaccination with PCV13 was a cost-effective strategy in the analyzed cities for both the DE-only and DE + IDE analyses. PCV13 became very cost-effective when a vaccination rate was reached where IDE is observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9111368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:02:06Z","timestamp":1637528526000},"page":"1368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Cost-Effectiveness of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Seven Chinese Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5532-9688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley","family":"Furnback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elysia Group, LLC, 199 Water St 14th Floor, New York, NY 10038, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce C. M.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elysia Group, LLC, 199 Water St 14th Floor, New York, NY 10038, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuiqing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Investment Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Investment Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, April 23). Estimated Hib and Pneumococcal Deaths for Children under 5 Years of Age. 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