{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T02:07:54Z","timestamp":1778465274935,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Waning of the mumps virus (MuV)-specific humoral response after vaccination has been suggested as a cause for recent mumps outbreaks in vaccinated young adults, although it cannot explain all cases. Moreover, CD8+ T cells may play an important role in the response against MuV; however, little is known about the characteristics and dynamics of the MuV-specific CD8+ T-cell response after MuV infection. Here, we had the opportunity to follow the CD8+ T-cell response to three recently identified HLA-A2*02:01-restricted MuV-specific epitopes from 1.5 to 36 months post-MuV infection in five previously vaccinated and three unvaccinated individuals. The infection-induced CD8+ T-cell response was dominated by T cells specific for the ALDQTDIRV and LLDSSTTRV epitopes, while the response to the GLMEGQIVSV epitope was subdominant. MuV-specific CD8+ T-cell frequencies in the blood declined between 1.5 and 9 months after infection. This decline was not explained by changes in the expression of inhibitory receptors or homing markers. Despite the ongoing changes in the frequencies and phenotype of MuV-specific CD8+ T cells, TCR\u03b2 analyses revealed a stable MuV-specific T-cell repertoire over time. These insights in the maintenance of the cellular response against mumps may provide hallmarks for optimizing vaccination strategies towards a long-term cellular memory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9121431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T03:21:05Z","timestamp":1638847265000},"page":"1431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Longitudinal Characterization of the Mumps-Specific HLA-A2 Restricted T-Cell Response after Mumps Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0364-5237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josien","family":"Lanfermeijer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4360-0431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieke M.","family":"N\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maarten E.","family":"Emmelot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martien C. M.","family":"Poelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1995-8641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile A. C. M.","family":"van Els","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2931-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A. M.","family":"Borghans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"van Baarle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9165-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Kaaijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2444-6050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelle","family":"de Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7185-2_14","article-title":"Mumps is Back: Why is Mumps Eradication Not Working?","volume":"7","author":"MacDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. 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