{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T11:03:05Z","timestamp":1794049385471,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although measuring vaccine efficacy through the conventional phase III study design, randomized, double-blinded controlled trial serves as the \u201cgold standard\u201d, effectiveness studies, conducted in the context of a public health program, seek to broaden the understanding of the impact of a vaccine in a real world setting including both individual and population level impacts. Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Since the 1980s, either killed or live oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) have been developed and efficacy and effectiveness studies have been conducted on OCV. Although the results of OCV effectiveness studies sometimes showed outliers, the tendency seen is for effectiveness of the vaccine used in public health settings to be somewhat higher than estimated in randomized controlled trials due to the influence of indirect herd protection. Efficacy and Effectiveness studies both generate important information about the vaccine performance characteristics and its impact when used in real world populations at risk for the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9121482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T21:47:36Z","timestamp":1639604856000},"page":"1482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Oral Cholera Vaccine Efficacy and Effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Katerina Rok","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea"},{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline Kyungah","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1632-3045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Eun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea"},{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarun","family":"Saluja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4085-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Il","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tram Anh","family":"Wartel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115073","article-title":"Conceptual problems in the definition and interpretation of attributable fractions","volume":"128","author":"Greenland","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Clemens, J.D., and Stanton, B.F. (1990). Longer term evaluations of vaccine efficacy. New Generation Vaccines, Marcel Dekker Inc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036023","article-title":"Assessing vaccine efficacy in the field. Further observations","volume":"10","author":"Orenstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009196","article-title":"Study designs for evaluating different efficacy and effectiveness aspects of vaccines","volume":"146","author":"Halloran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.1.300","article-title":"Measures of the effects of vaccination in a randomly mixing population","volume":"20","author":"Haber","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Field evaluation of vaccine efficacy","volume":"63","author":"Orenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.09.026","article-title":"The Euvichol story\u2014Development and licensure of a safe, effective and affordable oral cholera vaccine through global public private partnerships","volume":"36","author":"Odevall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M., Nelson, A.R., Lopez, A.L., and Sack, D.A. (2015). Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003832"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"633","article-title":"Changing profile of Vibrio cholerae O1, O139 in Delhi & its periphery (2003\u20132005)","volume":"125","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.1.48","article-title":"Cholera","volume":"8","author":"Kaper","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30559-7","article-title":"Cholera","volume":"390","author":"Clemens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3296-3299.2002","article-title":"New variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor with attributes of the classical biotype from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in Bangladesh","volume":"40","author":"Nair","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir141","article-title":"Oral vaccines against cholera","volume":"52","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2021, September 27). European Medicines Agency. Annex I. Summary of Product Characteristics. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product-information\/dukoral-epar-product-information_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.2.481","article-title":"Recombinant system for overexpression of cholera toxin B subunit in Vibrio cholerae as a basis for vaccine development","volume":"86","author":"Sanchez","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.5.1116-1120.1987","article-title":"Protective efficacy in humans of killed whole-vibrio oral cholera vaccine with and without the B subunit of cholera toxin","volume":"55","author":"Black","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91944-6","article-title":"Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh","volume":"2","author":"Clemens","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.1.60","article-title":"Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: Results of one year of follow-up","volume":"158","author":"Clemens","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90080-O","article-title":"Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: Results from three-year follow-up","volume":"335","author":"Clemens","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)00122-H","article-title":"Field trial of inactivated oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: Results from 5 years of follow-up","volume":"14","author":"Clemens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(93)90125-H","article-title":"Evaluation of different immunization schedules for oral cholera B subunit-whole cell vaccine in Swedish volunteers","volume":"11","author":"Jertborn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(96)00071-0","article-title":"Intestinal and systemic immune responses in humans after oral immunization with a bivalent B subunit-O1\/O139 whole cell cholera vaccine","volume":"14","author":"Jertborn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.2.372","article-title":"Cross-protection by B subunit-whole cell cholera vaccine against diarrhea associated with heat-labile toxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Results of a large-scale field trial","volume":"158","author":"Clemens","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92590-X","article-title":"Prevention of travellers\u2019 diarrhoea by oral B-subunit\/whole-cell cholera vaccine","volume":"338","author":"Peltola","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2007.06.001","article-title":"Effectiveness in prevention of travellers\u2019 diarrhoea by an oral cholera vaccine WC\/rBS","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Gigosos, R., Garcia-Fortea, P., Calvo, M.J., Reina, E., Diez-Diaz, R., and Plaza, E. (2009). Effectiveness and economic analysis of the whole cell\/recombinant B subunit (WC\/rbs) inactivated oral cholera vaccine in the prevention of traveller\u2019s diarrhoea. BMC Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-65"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1086\/315462","article-title":"Two-year study of the protective efficacy of the oral whole cell plus recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine in Peru","volume":"181","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1086\/319673","article-title":"Misleading negative findings in a field trial of killed, oral cholera vaccine in Peru","volume":"183","author":"Clemens","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"ICG (2021, September 27). Oral Cholera Vaccine Stockpile for Cholera Emergency Response. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/cholera\/vaccines\/Briefing_OCV_stockpile.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"837","article-title":"Mass vaccination with a two-dose oral cholera vaccine in a refugee camp","volume":"77","author":"Legros","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"949","article-title":"Effectiveness of mass vaccination with WC\/rBS cholera vaccine during an epidemic in Adjumani district, Uganda","volume":"77","author":"Dorlencourt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043323","article-title":"Effectiveness of mass oral cholera vaccination in Beira, Mozambique","volume":"352","author":"Lucas","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2009.00562.x","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of new-generation oral cholera vaccines: A multisite analysis","volume":"12","author":"Jeuland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.10.006","article-title":"Feasibility of a mass vaccination campaign using a two-dose oral cholera vaccine in an urban cholera-endemic setting in Mozambique","volume":"24","author":"Cavailler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70196-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of an oral cholera vaccine in Zanzibar: Findings from a mass vaccination campaign and observational cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Khatib","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaetti, C., Ali, S.M., Chaignat, C.L., Khatib, A.M., Hutubessy, R., and Weiss, M.G. (2012). Improving community coverage of oral cholera mass vaccination campaigns: Lessons learned in Zanzibar. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041527"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaetti, C., Weiss, M.G., Ali, S.M., Chaignat, C.L., Khatib, A.M., Reyburn, R., Tebbens, R.J.D., and Hutubessy, R. (2012). Costs of illness due to cholera, costs of immunization and cost-effectiveness of an oral cholera mass vaccination campaign in Zanzibar. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001844"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashim, R., Khatib, A.M., Enwere, G., Park, J.K., Reyburn, R., Ali, M., Chang, N.Y., Kim, D.R., and Ley, B. (2012). Thriemer, K.; et al. Safety of the recombinant cholera toxin B subunit, killed whole-cell (rBS-WC) oral cholera vaccine in pregnancy. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001743"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)06107-7","article-title":"Field trial of a locally produced, killed, oral cholera vaccine in Vietnam","volume":"349","author":"Trach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"304","article-title":"Coverage and costs of mass immunization of an oral cholera vaccine in Vietnam","volume":"21","author":"Thiem","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anh, D.D., Lopez, A.L., Tran, H.T.M., Cuong, N.V., Thiem, V.D., Ali, M., Deen, J.L., von Seidlein, L., and Sack (2014). D.A. Oral cholera vaccine development and use in Vietnam. PLoS Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001712"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.03.008","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness against cholera of oral killed whole-cell vaccine produced in Vietnam","volume":"24","author":"Thiem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anh, D.D., Lopez, A.L., Thiem, V.D., Grahek, S.L., Duong, T.N., Park, J.K., Kwon, H.J., Favorov, M., Hien, N.T., and Clemens, J.D. (2011). Use of oral cholera vaccines in an outbreak in Vietnam: A case control study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001006"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00378-14","article-title":"Critical analysis of compositions and protective efficacies of oral killed cholera vaccines","volume":"21","author":"Kabir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61297-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a modified killed-whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in India: An interim analysis of a cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"374","author":"Sur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70273-1","article-title":"5 year efficacy of a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in Kolkata, India: A cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1510330","article-title":"Efficacy of a Single-Dose, Inactivated Oral Cholera Vaccine in Bangladesh","volume":"374","author":"Qadri","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30108-7","article-title":"Efficacy of a single-dose regimen of inactivated whole-cell oral cholera vaccine: Results from 2 years of follow-up of a randomised trial","volume":"18","author":"Qadri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.082","article-title":"Trials of the killed oral cholera vaccine (Shanchol) in India and Bangladesh: Lessons learned and way forward","volume":"38","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.08.086","article-title":"Global oral cholera vaccine use, 2013\u20132018","volume":"38","author":"Pezzoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70368-7","article-title":"Jason B Harris 6, Molly F Franke 7 Effectiveness of reactive oral cholera vaccination in rural Haiti: A case-control study and bias-indicator analysis","volume":"3","author":"Ivers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0700","article-title":"Effectiveness of Oral Cholera Vaccine in Haiti: 37-Month Follow-Up","volume":"94","author":"Severe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1028","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30284-5","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness of one and two doses of a killed, bivalent, whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in Haiti: An extended case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Franke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312680","article-title":"Use of Vibrio cholerae vaccine in an outbreak in Guinea","volume":"370","author":"Luquero","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e856","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30211-X","article-title":"Effectiveness of one dose of oral cholera vaccine in response to an outbreak: A case-cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Azman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abubakar, A., Azman, A.S., Rumunu, J., Ciglenecki, I., Helderman, T., West, H., Lessler, J., Sack, D.A., Martin, S., and Perea, W. (2015). The First Use of the Global Oral Cholera Vaccine Emergency Stockpile: Lessons from South Sudan. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001901"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.05.044","article-title":"Effectiveness of oral cholera vaccine in preventing cholera among fishermen in Lake Chilwa, Malawi: A case-control study","volume":"37","author":"Grandesso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962-021-00270-y","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of a reactive oral cholera immunization campaign using Shanchol in Malawi","volume":"19","author":"Ilboudo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cost Eff. Resour. Alloc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026882000062X","article-title":"Alternative observational designs to estimate the effectiveness of one dose of oral cholera vaccine in Lusaka, Zambia","volume":"148","author":"Ferreras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tembo, T., Simuyandi, M., Chiyenu, K., Sharma, A., Chilyabanyama, O.N., Mbwili-Muleya, C., Mazaba, M.L., and Chilengi, R. (2019). Evaluating the costs of cholera illness and cost-effectiveness of a single dose oral vaccination campaign in Lusaka, Zambia. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215972"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.073","article-title":"Effectiveness of an oral cholera vaccine campaign to prevent clinically-significant cholera in Odisha State, India","volume":"33","author":"Wierzba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kar, S.K., Sah, B., Patnaik, B., Kim, Y.H., Kerketta, A.S., Shin, S., Rath, S.B., Ali, M., Mogasale, V., and Khuntia, H.K. (2014). Mass vaccination with a new, less expensive oral cholera vaccine using public health infrastructure in India: The Odisha model. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002629"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61140-0","article-title":"Feasibility and effectiveness of oral cholera vaccine in an urban endemic setting in Bangladesh: A cluster randomised open-label trial","volume":"386","author":"Qadri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30781-7","article-title":"Effectiveness of a killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in Bangladesh: Further follow-up of a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"21","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, December 14). Cholera. Fact Sheets. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cholera."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90119-6","article-title":"Immunity of cholera in man: Relative role of antibacterial versus antitoxic immunity","volume":"73","author":"Levine","year":"1979","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/143.6.818","article-title":"Duration of infection-derived immunity to cholera","volume":"143","author":"Levine","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90120-1","article-title":"Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of recombinant live oral cholera vaccines, CVD 103 and CVD 103-HgR","volume":"2","author":"Levine","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2017.1291348","article-title":"PaxVax CVD 103-HgR single-dose live oral cholera vaccine","volume":"16","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6341","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.12.6341-6345.1999","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentered trial of the efficacy of a single dose of live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in preventing cholera following challenge with Vibrio cholerae O1 El tor inaba three months after vaccination","volume":"67","author":"Tacket","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00006-2","article-title":"Efficacy trial of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in North Jakarta, Indonesia, a cholera-endemic area","volume":"18","author":"Richie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.11.070","article-title":"Can oral cholera vaccination play a role in controlling a cholera outbreak?","volume":"22","author":"Calain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw145","article-title":"Single-dose Live Oral Cholera Vaccine CVD 103-HgR Protects Against Human Experimental Infection With Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.12.011","article-title":"Current and future cholera vaccines","volume":"38","author":"Shaikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"NPS Medicinewise (2021, December 14). Live Cholera Vaccine. Available online: https:\/\/www.nps.org.au\/australian-prescriber\/articles\/live-cholera-vaccine."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/12\/1482\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:48:25Z","timestamp":1760168905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/9\/12\/1482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines9121482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9121482","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]}}}