{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:37:26Z","timestamp":1765233446361,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to comparatively identify the common bacterial isolates from the uteri of camels coming from different reproductive backgrounds after standardizing the sampling method and to investigate the association of clinically measurable parameters with uterine colonization by these isolates. The uterine samples from 856 dromedary camels yielded a total of 17 different bacterial species with a higher proportion of sub-fertile camel uteri being colonized by bacteria (66.6%) as compared to nulliparous, recently calved, and those with unknown reproductive history combined (44.2%; p &lt; 0.05). Camels with body condition scoring &lt; 3 and those with a consistently echogenic appearance of the uterine lumen by sonography were more likely to be positive on uterine culture, while the presence of pus in uterine discharge was not associated with the odds of bacterial isolation (p &gt; 0.05). While certain strains were more likely to be obtained from the uteri of the sub-fertile group (p &lt; 0.05), embryo transfer to camels with a positive uterine culture in the absence of other gross reproductive pathologies did not necessarily affect the overall pregnancy rate compared to recipients with a negative uterine culture (p &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, a relatively high bacterial load can be identified from the uteri of both sub-fertile and normal dromedary camels, with a higher frequency among the former. The uterine ultrasonography and evaluation of the body condition score can help in identifying the camels in which uterus is contaminated by bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10010039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T06:11:51Z","timestamp":1672899111000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Isolated Bacteria from the Uteri of Camels with Different Reproductive Backgrounds: A Study on Sampling Methodology, Prevalence, and Clinical Significance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Behnam","family":"Asadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Camel Advanced Reproductive Technologies Center, Zabeel Office, Government of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 5928, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Seyedasgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Camel Advanced Reproductive Technologies Center, Zabeel Office, Government of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 5928, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iradj","family":"Ashrafi Tamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 1417935840, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Yarmohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Camel Advanced Reproductive Technologies Center, Zabeel Office, Government of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 5928, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Ebadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Camel Advanced Reproductive Technologies Center, Zabeel Office, Government of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 5928, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5825-6920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Camel Advanced Reproductive Technologies Center, Zabeel Office, Government of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 5928, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Barin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 1417935840, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00045.2019","article-title":"Role for the mammalian female reproductive tract microbiome in pregnancy outcomes","volume":"51","author":"Heil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12205","article-title":"Drivers of Post-partum Uterine Disease in Dairy Cattle","volume":"48","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18971-6","article-title":"The healthy equine uterus harbors a distinct core microbiome plus a rich and diverse microbiome that varies with geographical location","volume":"12","author":"Holyoak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.04.056","article-title":"The relationship between uterine pathogen growth density and ovarian function in the postpartum dairy cow","volume":"68","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.01.017","article-title":"Preventing postpartum uterine disease in dairy cattle depends on avoiding, tolerating and resisting pathogenic bacteria","volume":"150","author":"Sheldon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.11.034","article-title":"Association between virulence factors of Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Arcanobacterium pyogenes and uterine diseases of dairy cows","volume":"157","author":"Bicalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veter- Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(00)00234-X","article-title":"Risk factors for post partum ovarian dysfunction in high producing dairy cows in Belgium: A field study","volume":"53","author":"Opsomer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1230837","article-title":"Influence of uterine bacterial contamination after parturition on ovarian dominant follicle selection and follicle growth and function in cattle","volume":"123","author":"Sheldon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.04.022","article-title":"Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows","volume":"64","author":"Gilbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74302-6","article-title":"Defining and Diagnosing Postpartum Clinical Endometritis and its Impact on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cows","volume":"85","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.077370","article-title":"Defining Postpartum Uterine Disease and the Mechanisms of Infection and Immunity in the Female Reproductive Tract in Cattle1","volume":"81","author":"Sheldon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.008","article-title":"Infectious causes of reproductive loss in camelids","volume":"66","author":"Tibary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2020.g462","article-title":"Pathological and bacteriological studies on reproductive tract abnormalities of she-camels (Camelus dromedarius), emphasizing on zoonotic importance","volume":"7","author":"Elshazly","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Veter-Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"371","article-title":"Bacteriological studies of endometritis as a main cause for reproductive and fertility problems in she-camel","volume":"58","author":"Nabih","year":"2012","journal-title":"Assiut Vet. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"6641361","article-title":"Reproductive Diseases and Disorders of Female Camels: An Assessment and Pathological and Bacteriological Study in Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"2021","author":"Belina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veter-Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1991.tb00906.x","article-title":"The Barren Camel with Endometritis\u2014Isolation of Trichomonas Fetus and Different Bacteria","volume":"38","author":"Wernery","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Veter-Med. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.03.039","article-title":"A retrospective study on clinical findings of 7300 cases (2007\u20132014) of barren female dromedaries","volume":"84","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"85","article-title":"Reproductive disorders in dromedary camels due to infectious causes and its treatment","volume":"1","author":"Wernery","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Camel. Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(99)00017-2","article-title":"Seasonal effects on fertility and ovarian follicular growth and maturation in camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"55","author":"Sghiri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.08.021","article-title":"Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle","volume":"65","author":"Sheldon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(81)90116-3","article-title":"Comparison of two techniques for obtaining endometrial bacteriologic cultures in the mare","volume":"16","author":"Blanchard","year":"1981","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(88)90007-6","article-title":"Use of a low-volume uterine flush for microbiologic and cytologic examination of the mare\u2019s endometrium","volume":"29","author":"Ball","year":"1988","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Leonard, F.C., Hartigan, P., Fanning, S., and Fitzpatrick, E. (2011). Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.12.012","article-title":"Isolation and identification of yeast flora from genital tract in healthy female camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"144","author":"Shokri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veter-Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2013.07.014","article-title":"Review of current methodologies to isolate and identify Campylobacter spp. from foods","volume":"95","author":"Gharst","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.10.017","article-title":"Superovulatory response following FSH, eCG-FSH and hMG and pregnancy rates following transfer of hatched blastocyst embryos with different diameter and shape in dromedary camel","volume":"106","author":"Ararooti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2020.106580","article-title":"Factors affecting pregnancy rates and pregnancy losses after embryo transfer in dromedary camels","volume":"221","author":"Karen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1071\/RD04081","article-title":"Embryo transfer in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) using asynchronous, meclofenamic acid-treated recipients","volume":"17","author":"Skidmore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S., and Sturdivant, R.X. (2013). Applied Logistic Regression, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01753-15","article-title":"Uterine Microbiota Progression from Calving until Establishment of Metritis in Dairy Cows","volume":"81","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.03.017","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of postpartum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle","volume":"63","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.09.043","article-title":"Associations among Trueperella pyogenes, endometritis diagnosis, and pregnancy outcomes in dairy cows","volume":"85","author":"Bicalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01485.x","article-title":"Clinical and Subclinical Endometritis in the Mare: Both Threats to Fertility","volume":"44","author":"Leblanc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.04.038","article-title":"Use of a low-volume uterine flush for diagnosing endometritis in chronically infertile mares","volume":"68","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.12.017","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of different treatments of uterine infections in female camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"74","author":"Ali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Asadi-Moghaddam, B., Niasarinaslaji, A.S., Ararooti, F.T., Panahi, F., Hossini, M., Moulavi, F., and Razavi, K. (2016, January 26\u201330). Treatment of clinical endometritis in dromedary camel with Oxytertracycline and Cephaprin benzathine. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress on Animal Reproduction, Tours, France."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5764","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3429","article-title":"Risk factors for postpartum uterine diseases in dairy cows","volume":"93","author":"Dubuc","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6848","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-9120","article-title":"Determination of optimal diagnostic criteria for purulent vaginal discharge and cytological endometritis in dairy cows","volume":"98","author":"Dubuc","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.006","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of endometritis in the mare: A review","volume":"66","author":"Hurtgen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM19990619","article-title":"The treatment of equine endometritis in studfarm practice","volume":"15","author":"Ricketts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17064","article-title":"Cow-level risk factors for reproductive tract disease diagnosed by 2 methods in pasture-grazed dairy cattle in Ireland","volume":"103","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105252","article-title":"Risk factors associated with endometritis in zero-grazed dairy cows on smallholder farms in Rwanda","volume":"188","author":"Pascal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Veter-Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2020.106327","article-title":"Diagnostic evaluation of subclinical endometritis in dromedary camels","volume":"215","author":"Refaat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/1\/39\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:00:09Z","timestamp":1760119209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/1\/39"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci10010039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10010039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-7381"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]}}}