{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:49:22Z","timestamp":1778946562028,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"special research funds of the University of Liege"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to describe the bacterial composition of the surgical site during elective caesarean sections (CSs) using the 16Sr DNA amplicon sequencing performed in parallel to bacterial culture. The study involved 13 Belgian blue cows of a previous dataset of 76 animals. Bacteriology was performed on swabs sampled from visceral and parietal peritoneum during the CS. Amplicon sequencing was performed in six samples chosen randomly among the swabs positive for bacteriology and seven among the culture-negative swabs. A total of 2542 bacterial operational taxonomic units belonging to 567 genera were identified. The most often identified genus and species were Mycoplasma (44%) and Mycoplasma wenyonii (36%), respectively. Results showed no difference in microbiota composition between the culture-positive and -negative samples. However, a difference was observed between the bacteriology and amplicon sequencing results. Indeed, seven out of nine cultured strains were not identified by amplicon sequencing in the samples in which they were cultured. In contrast to bacteriology, amplicon sequencing unveiled the presence of bacterial DNA in all elective CSs. The most identified DNA is most likely derived from the haematogenous spread of bacteria to the surgical site. Furthermore, the cultured bacteria were not the dominant species in the sample from which they were cultured.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10020094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T02:30:38Z","timestamp":1674786638000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bacterial Contamination of the Surgical Site at the Time of Elective Caesarean Section in Belgian Blue Cows\u2014Part 2: Identified by 16Sr DNA Amplicon Sequencing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3311-8219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salem","family":"Djebala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ruminants, University of Li\u00e8ge, Quartier Vall\u00e9e 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liege, Belgium"},{"name":"Murphy and Leslie Veterinary Centre (Private Practice), Muckerstaff Granard, N39AN52 Co Longford, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Coria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ruminants, University of Li\u00e8ge, Quartier Vall\u00e9e 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Munaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ruminants, University of Li\u00e8ge, Quartier Vall\u00e9e 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3720-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linde","family":"Gille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ruminants, University of Li\u00e8ge, Quartier Vall\u00e9e 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1011-6894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine","family":"Eppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ruminants, University of Li\u00e8ge, Quartier Vall\u00e9e 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4438-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nassim","family":"Moula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, University of Liege, Quartier Vall\u00e9e 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000 Liege, Belgium"},{"name":"GIGA\u2014Animal Facilities\u2014ULi\u00e8ge\u2014B 34, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Taminiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"},{"name":"Food Microbiology, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9282-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges","family":"Daube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"},{"name":"Food Microbiology, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Bossaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800053480","article-title":"Estimating internal pelvic sizes using external body measurements in the double-muscled Belgian Blue beef breed","volume":"76","author":"Coopman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. 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