{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:49Z","timestamp":1787030149289,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["OPP1127286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1127286"]}]},{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["BBS\/E\/D\/30002275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/D\/30002275"]}]},{"name":"BBSRC","award":["OPP1127286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1127286"]}]},{"name":"BBSRC","award":["BBS\/E\/D\/30002275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/D\/30002275"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine brucellosis is a bacterial zoonoses caused by Brucella\u00a0abortus. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine brucellosis seroprevalence and risk factors among smallholder dairy cattle across six regions in Tanzania. We sampled 2048 dairy cattle on 1374 farms between July 2019 and October 2020. Sera were tested for the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seroprevalence was calculated at different administrative scales, and spatial tests were used to detect disease hotspots. A generalized mixed-effects regression model was built to explore the relationships among Brucella serostatus, animals, and farm management factors. Seroprevalence was 2.39% (49\/2048 cattle, 95% CI 1.7\u20133.1) across the study area and the Njombe Region represented the highest percentage with 15.5% (95% CI 11.0\u201322.0). Moreover, hotspots were detected in the Njombe and Kilimanjaro Regions. Mixed-effects models showed that having goats (OR 3.02, 95% C 1.22\u20137.46) and abortion history (OR 4.91, 95% CI 1.43\u201316.9) were significant risk factors for brucellosis. Education of dairy farmers regarding the clinical signs, transmission routes, and control measures for brucellosis is advised. A One Health approach is required to study the role of small ruminants in cattle brucellosis and the status of brucellosis in dairy farmers in the Njombe and Kilimanjaro Regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10020155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T01:38:18Z","timestamp":1676425098000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Status and Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Smallholder Dairy Cattle in Selected Regions of Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4051-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac Joseph","family":"Mengele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"},{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), Central Zone Laboratory, Dodoma P.O. Box 1752, Tanzania"},{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7768-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Mkilema","family":"Shirima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4382-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shedrack Festo","family":"Bwatota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabani Kiyabo","family":"Motto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"},{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), Central Veterinary Laboratory, Dar Es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3271-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barend Mark de Clare","family":"Bronsvoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The Roslin Institute at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Mushumbusi","family":"Komwihangilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI), Dodoma P.O. Box 834, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliamoni","family":"Lyatuu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Dar Es Salaam P.O. Box 34441, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6081-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Anne Jessie","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis E.","family":"Hernandez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The Roslin Institute at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.02.015","article-title":"The status of Bovine brucellosis in Ethiopia with special emphasis on exotic and cross bred cattle in dairy and breeding farms","volume":"126","author":"Asmare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2003.08.004","article-title":"Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad","volume":"61","author":"Schelling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev. 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